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Functional- rather than health related physical fitness predicts neurocognitive performance in Latin adults
(2022-09) Hernández Gamboa, Rebeca; Salazar Villanea, Mónica; Johnson, David K.; Chacón Araya, Yamileth; Moncada Jiménez, José
Purpose: To determine the association between physical performance (PP) and neurocognitive performance (NP) of Costa Rican adults ≥55 yr. Methods: Male and female participants (n = 273, age = 69.22 ± 5.13 yr.) completed batteries of laboratory-based PP and paper and pencil NP assessments. Statistical analysis computed in IBM-SPSS AMOS v.24 and R Studio v.3.6.1 included exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the PP and NP tests batteries. Associations between the PP and NP factors were studied in a subset of the original sample (n = 95, age = 69.07 ± 4.54 yr.). Results: CFA revealed a four-factor structure for the NP test battery that included executive functioning (EF), verbal memory (VM), logical memory (LM), and labeling and reading (LR) (Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings [ESSL] = 56.41% explained variance; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual [SRMSR] = 0.06; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.98), and a two-factor structure for the PP test battery that included health-related physical fitness (HRPF) and functional physical fitness (FPF) (ESSL = 50.54% explained variance; SRMSR = 0.07; CFI = 0.93). Multivariate regression models were created using the PP factors as predictors of NP. Significant associations were identified between FPF and EF and VM. Model 1 explained 9.08% of the variance of EF with FPF and sex as predictors. The effect of FPF on EF depends on sex, as demonstrated by different slopes for men and women (Men = 0.671, CI95% = 0.27, 1.08; Women = 0.140, CI95% = -0.94, 0.20, p < 0.05). Model 2 explained 20.57% of the variance of VM with age, FPF, and sex as predictors (Men = 0.604, CI95% = 0.22, 1.00; Women = 0.300; CI95% = 0.05, 0.56, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Despite previous evidence, there was no association between HRPF and NP. Sex and FPF predicted NP in Costa Rican adults. HRPF is strongly associated to FPF; therefore, future research should study the effect of interventions on these physical capacities and analyze possible moderator (i.e., sex) and mediator (i.e., underlying mechanisms) variables.
Low-intensity resistance training improves flow-mediated dilation in young Hispanic adults
(2023-02) Briceño Torres, José Miguel; Carpio Rivera, Elizabeth; Solera Herrera, Andrea; Forsse, Jeffrey Stephen; Grandjean, Peter Walter; Moncada Jiménez, José
Low-intensity resistance training improves flow-mediated dilation in young hispanic adults. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 298–304, 2023—The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 resistance exercise training (RET) intensities on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in sedentary males. Thirty-four men (age = 20.6 ± 1.8 years, height = 171.3 ± 5.2 cm, body mass = 65.2 ± 10.6 kg, and DXA fat mass = 22.3 ± 7.4%) were randomly assigned to a control group (no exercise CTRL, n = 12), RET at 50% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) (RET50%, n = 12), and RET at 80% 1RM (RET80%, n = 10). The RET program was performed twice per week for 8 weeks; subjects performed the same RET exercises at similar total workloads (1920 arbitrary units [AUs] for the RET80% and 1950 AUs for the RET50%). The FMD% was measured before and after 8 weeks by ultrasound. Mixed factorial analysis of variance (3 groups × 2 measurements), effect size (ES), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed for FMD%. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase (p = 0.001) was found on post-test FMD% in RET50% (mean = 9.9 ± 3.7%, ES = 1.9, and 95% CIs = 2.8–0.9) compared with CTRL (mean = 5.7 ± 1.7%, ES = 0.2, and 95% CIs = −0.4 to 0.8), and there were no significant differences found between RET50% and RET80% and between RET80% and CTRL. Results support the concept of training specificity and provide preliminary evidence that lower resistance and higher repetition RET elicit greater short-term reduced endothelium dysfunction than higher intensity RET at similar training volume.
Passive dehydration-mediated body weight loss on body composition and phase angle in healthy men
(2022-09) Aburto Corona, Jorge Alberto; de Paz Fernández, José Antonio; Calleja Núñez, Juan José; Kreider, Richard B.; Bonilla Ocampo, Diego Alexander; Moncada Jiménez, José
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of an acute weight loss due to passive dehydration on phaseangle (PhA) and body composition variables through bioelectrical impedance vector analysis(BIVA). Methods: Twenty-five healthy physically active males (22.6 ± 3.2 years; 76.7 ± 15.9 kg;172.0 ± 6.3 cm) participated in this study. Optimal hydration state was verified before intervention(urine specific gravity; USG < 1.020). Participants remained seated for 5 hours in a controlledtemperature room (26.6 ± 1.7°C; relative humidity = 72 ± 4.9%) with no consumption of food or water.Subsequently, the participants entered a room at 21.8°C and 38% of humidity, and removed theirsweat excess with a dry cloth. Heart rate (HR) and tympanic temperature (TyT) were recorded afterthe participant lie down in supine resting for 10 min while an octopolar bioelectrical impedanceanalyzer (InBody 770) was used to record Xc, PhA, fat mass percentage (FM), skeletal muscle mass(SMM) and total body water (TBW) before and after the intervention. Frequentist inference (pairedt test), estimation statistics (Hedges’ g) and BIVA analysis (RXc plot) were utilized to compare pre-post changes. Results: Significant differences were found in body mass (Δ = -0.76 kg; p < 0.05; g = 0.046), HR(Δ = +10.4 bpm; p = 0.001; g = 0.89), FM (Δ = -1.0%; p < 0.01; g = 0.15), and PhA (Δ = +0.09°; p = 0.005;g = 0.15). No differences were found on TyT (Δ = 0.0 °C; p = 0.360; g = 0.0), SMM (Δ = +0.08 kg;p = 0.553; g = 0.01), and TBW (Δ = +0.18 L; p = 0.193; g = 0.02). The analyses of 95% confidenceellipses in the RX c graph showed overlapping for most body segments although a trend forseparation between pre-post values was detected in lower limbs. Conclusions: A small change on body mass due to passive dehydration altered BIVA outcomeswhich resulted in significant changes on PhA and FM in physically active men.
Inter-individual variability to two modes of resistance training in the blood pressure dipping response in males
(2022-09) Moncada Jiménez, José; Carpio Rivera, Elizabeth; Salicetti Fonseca, Alejandro; Solera Herrera, Andrea
Purpose: To determine the inter-individual BP dipping variability of normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) individuals completing two modalities of a single session of RTE. Methods: Volunteers were 41 males (NT n = 21, age = 19.7 ± 2.3 yr., weight = 72.5 ± 17.3 kg, height = 171.0 ± 5.0 cm, HT n = 22, age = 21.7 ± 4.6 yr., weight = 78.1 ± 11.0 kg, height = 174.0 ± 5.0 cm) who underwent a non-exercise control (CTRL), RTE low-repetitions high-sets (LRHS), and RTE high-repetitions low-sets (HRLS) conditions. The 24-h ambulatory monitoring recorded diurnal and nocturnal systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP. Factorial ANOVA compared SBP and DBP dipping responses in NT and HT individuals. Inter-individual responses were obtained by comparing diurnal and nocturnal BP differences. The technical error of measurement (TEM) and the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) were used to compute a BP threshold to identify responders and non-responders. Results: No significant group by measurement interaction was found on SBP (p = 0.301) and DBP (p = 0.574). Diurnal SBP was lower in the NT than in the HT groups (M = 117.4 ± 6.4 vs. 132.0 ± 8.2 mmHg, p ≤ 0.0001, η2 = 0.51). Diurnal DBP was lower in the NT than in the HT groups (M = 70.5 ± 6.2 vs. 77.7 ± 7.7 mmHg, p = 0.0001, η2 = 0.22). Nocturnal SBP was lower in the NT than in the HT groups (M = 106.6 ± 7.2 vs. 119.5 ± 8.3 mmHg, p ≤ 0.0001, η2 = 0.42). Nocturnal DBP was lower in the NT than in the HT groups (M = 60.4 ± 5.7 vs. 66.1 ± 8.2 mmHg, p = 0.014, η2 = 0.14). The dipping responders for SBP in the CTRL condition were 71.4% for NT and 70.0% for HT, in the HRLS condition were 66.7% for NT and 60.0% for HT, and in the LRHS condition were 57.1% for NT and 60.0% for HT. The dipping responders for DBP in the CTRL condition were 57.1% for NT and 60.0% for HT, in the HRLS condition were 61.9% for NT and 70.0% for HT, and in the LRHS condition were 71.4% for NT and 65.0% for HT. Conclusion: The inter-individual SBP dipping responders were similar between RTE modalities; however, for DBP, there were more HT responders than NT individuals completing a single session of HRLS RTE.
Are teams whose players are more committed to the team more resilient? The role of intra-group conflict
(2022-02-10) López Gajardo, Miguel Ángel; García Calvo, Tomás; González Ponce, Inmaculada; Cantú Berrueto, Abril; Aragón Mládosich, Parma O.; Moncada Jiménez, José; Salicetti Fonseca, Alejandro; Martín Tassi, Juan; Leo Marcos, Francisco Miguel
The study aimed to analyze the relationship between commitment to the team and team resilience factors (characteristics of resilience and vulnerability under pressure), and to examine whether the task and social intra-group conflict act as mediators between commitment to the team and team resilience factors. One hundred seventy (170) male soccer players (16-38 years; M = 18.35; SD = 4.72) of the national teams of Argentina, Costa Rica, and Mexico participated in the study. The path analytic model was used to test mediating pathways. First, the results revealed that commitment to the team was positively related to characteristics of resilience and negatively to vulnerability under pressure. Second, bootstrap mediation analysis showed that athletes’ perceptions of the task and social intra-group conflict mediated the association between their perception of commitment to the team and team resilience factors. Findings provide initial evidence for a link between commitment to the team and team resilience in national teams and also suggest that intra-group conflict can improve the association between commitment to the team and team resilience. Therefore, the main conclusion of this study is that practioners should promote players’ commitment to the team and avoid intra-group conflicts within teams to have a resilient team that copes with problems more easily.