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Chapter 3 - Comprehensive introduction to Digital Elevation Models, as a key dataset in soil erosion mapping
(2024) Jafari, Mohsen; Taheri Dehkordi, Alireza; Kariminejad, Narges; Valadan Zoej, Mohammad Javad; Shahabi, Erfan; Quesada Román, Adolfo
The evaluation of DEMs is vital for assessing their accuracy, improving data quality, determining their suitability for specific applications, identifying data gaps and uncertainties, and enhancing decision-making processes. It allows users to make informed choices, understand limitations, and ensure the reliability of elevation data for various applications, including soil erosion modeling. This chapter provided a comprehensive review of DEM concepts, encompassing different definitions, data sources, and quality aspects. Additionally, a novel experiment was proposed to evaluate three global DEMs (ALOS, SRTM, and ASTER) in a wide area of Iran, specifically focusing on four sub-basins in the Fars province. Instead of relying on ground-based surveying methods like GPS, the generated GCP dataset utilized ICESat-2, which proved to be an effective tool for DEM evaluation due to its high precision
elevation measurements, global coverage, and independent validation. The study findings revealed that the ALOS DEM provided the most accurate and detailed representation of the terrain, while GDEMs exhibited highly variable accuracy. The accuracy of GDEMs notably depended on the specific characteristics of the local terrain.
An exploration to preferred and non-preferred body parts in university students
(2015-12-26) Chacón Araya, Yamileth; Moncada Jiménez, José
The purpose of the study was to describe the anatomical preferences of students from an university located in Central America. Participants were university females (n = 259, mean age, height, weight and BMI = 18.8 ± 2.9 yr., 159.6 ± 5.9 cm, 57.6 ± 11.9 kg, and 22.6 ± 4.3 kg/m2 , respectively) and males (n = 263; mean age, height, weight and BMI = 18.9 ± 2.5 yr., 172.9 ± 6.3 cm, 69.0 ± 13.1 kg, and 23.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2 , respectively). Participants rated their preferred and non-preferred body parts with a questionnaire. For both genders, the head, neck and face zones were the preferred anatomical area and the non-preferred anatomical areas were the torso and abdomen. Body mass index (BMI) was positively correlated to non-preferred body parts in females (r = 0.164, p = 0.008). In males, BMI was positively correlated to their preferred body parts (r = 0.160, p = 0.009). In conclusion, students from a Central American university rated similarly their preferred but differently their nonpreferred anatomical parts.
Ejercicio físico, funcionamiento cerebral e imagen corporal
(2015-03-03) Moncada Jiménez, José
La imagen corporal es un componente del yo, y se ha estimado que una cantidad importante de mujeres y hombres de diversas edades, razas y orígenes étnicos poseen insatisfacción de su imagen corporal. Por lo tanto, el tema de la imagen corporal preocupa a la opinión pública ya que se le ha relacionado con conductas tales como los desórdenes alimenticios. La anorexia y la bulimia constituyen las enfermedades más importantes. La presente revisión resume las relaciones entre las áreas cerebrales involucradas en la generación y evaluación del cuerpo humano, y la manera en que el ejercicio físico podría influir en esas zonas para producir una imagen corporal objetiva y precisa. Recientemente, se ha identificado el área corporal extraestriada (ACE) como la estructura cerebral primordialmente responsable del reconocimiento del cuerpo humano. Se deben realizar más estudios que involucren el ACE. En esta revisión también se discuten aspectos relacionados con el metabolismo cerebral en reposo y durante el ejercicio físico y su relación con cambios en la estructura y funcionamiento cerebral. Finalmente, se presenta un resumen de los estudios sobre el efecto del ejercicio aeróbico y contra resistencia en la imagen corporal.
The effect of different physical and sport activity courses on body image of Costa Rican students
(2013-12-25) Chacón Araya, Yamileth; Moncada Jiménez, José
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different types of physical education sport courses on perceived and desired body image in university students from the University of Costa Rica. Volunteers were 522 students (259 females and 263 males), registered in 13 different courses of sports classes, from which two categories were built: a) sports classes, and b) fitness classes. The subjects were measured for body variables (height, weight, and waist circumference) and with the values of height and weight the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Students answered the body image scale by Thompson and Gray (1995) the first, second and last week of classes. Results indicated that there were no significant interactions in body image regardless of sex or different sports courses. Females had higher % body fat than males (p < 0.01), and their waist circumference increases slight, but significantly from pre-test to post-test compared to males (p < 0.05). Participants with higher % body fat also had greater body dissatisfaction scores (r = - 0.13, p < 0.01). In conclusion, there is no effect of the type of sport or fitness course on body image of university students; however, special attention should be placed for those students with increased adiposity as they showed greater dissatisfaction with their body image.
Harnessing phage display technology for generating fully human IgG antibodies that neutralise elapid neurotoxins
(2019-02-01) Karatt Vellatt, Aneesh; Laustsen, Andreas Hougaard; Masters, Edward W.; Oscoz, Saioa; Pus, Urska; Knudsen, Cecilie; Slavny, Peter; Luther, Alice M.; Leah, Rachael A.; Griffiths, Daniel t.; Olesen, Majken Lindholm; Lomonte, Bruno; Gutiérrez, José María; McCafferty, John
Snakebite constitutes a major health concern in rural, tropical parts of the world, causing mortality, morbidity and suffering to millions of victims. Members of the notorious elapid snake family are known for their potent neurotoxic venom, the clinical manifestation of which is descending paralysis in envenomed victims. The venoms of the two most feared species in their respective geographical regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, Dendroaspis polylepis and Naja kaouthia, were analysed by toxicovenomics and their medically most important toxins were identified. A diverse panel of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) binders were isolated against two of the most important toxins from these snakes (dendrotoxin 1 and α-cobratoxin) from the IONTAS human naïve antibody library using phage display technology. The most promising binders were converted to human IgG1 format, transiently expressed in HEK293 cells, and tested in vivo in CD-1 mice. Several IgGs showed full protection (>24 hours) at low doses against both toxins and are being further investigated for their ability to cross-neutralize homologous snake venom toxins. These results break new ground as the first report of fully human IgGs capable of neutralizing animal toxins.