Ciencias agroalimentarias

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https://hdl.handle.net/10669/1420

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A Focus on Aflatoxins in Feedstuffs: Levels of Contamination, Prevalence, Control Strategies, and Impacts on Animal Health
(2017) Molina Alvarado, Andrea; Zamora Sanabria, Rebeca; Granados Chinchilla, Fabio
Aflatoxins are mold-synthetized secondary metabolites that are ubiquitously present in agricultural commodities, such as cereals which in turn are substantial part of feed formulation. These toxins are capable of causing disease, exert severe toxic effects, and even death in humans and other animals. Aflatoxins are the only mycotoxins with the regulatory framework, hence we present the legal threshold uphold till now by international and regional control organizations. Additionally, herein we discuss worldwide prevalence of aflatoxins in feeds to demonstrate a global issue and major risks involved in toxin contamination. Furthermore, we present recent data regarding negative effects usually presented by food-producing and companionship animals when ingested. Also, we discuss briefly practical approaches to mitigate aflatoxin burden during feed processing focusing in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) and we include novel approaches reported in literature to decontaminate feedcontaining aflatoxins. Finally, we cite the literature so far published describing the effects of changing climate on aflatoxin production and contamination.
Analysis of Meiosis in Nonmodel Tropical Plants: The Case of Carica papaya Linn
(2019-10-04) Mora Calderón, José Enrique; Scott Moraga, Kalani; Bolaños Villegas, Pablo Alberto
To develop plants that are more tolerant to drought, marginal soil fertility, and diseases and that satisfy demands for high yield, new cultivars of the tropical fruit papaya (Carica papaya L.) are needed. Nonetheless,in many cases, these traits are available in only wild relatives found throughout Latin America. Understanding meiotic progression may facilitate the introgression of desirable traits into commercial cultivars that maintain high fertility. In this protocol, we describe a practical and simple method to effectively isolate male meiocytes in order to document the behavior of papaya meiotic chromosomes.
Aspectos relevantes de la producción de papaya en Costa Rica
(Situación actual de la industria papayera (pp.33-36).Yucatán, México: Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), 2018) Esquivel Rodríguez, Patricia; Herrera Martínez, Gabriela
El capítulo desarrolla la situación de la industria de la papaya en Costa Rica.
Begomoviruses in crops with economic interest for North and Central America
(2022) Barboza Vargas, Natalia María; Martínez Zubiaur, Yamila
The Begomovirus genus (family Geminiviridae) is widely distributed throughout the world and affects more than 700 plant species, including crops of economic interest. In the western hemisphere, diseases caused by begomoviruses have a high impact on production and cause large losses in economically important crops such as beans, cucurbits, tomato, and peppers in many countries of the region. Native bipartite begomoviruses in North and Central America have been identified and characterized; however, the detection of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IL and the presence of the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED in the region and in the Caribbean islands has aggravated the phytosanitary situation for the sustainable production of basic foods.
Bioeconomic approach to livestock productivity
(2021-10-12) Montero Vega, Mercedes; Sánchez Gómez, José Ignacio
This chapter five sets out to determine if livestock productivity can be increased through bioeconomic management.
Biology of the papaya plant
(2014-01-01) Jiménez García, Víctor; Mora Newcomer, Eric; Gutiérrez Soto, Marco Vinicio
The papaya plant (Carica papaya L.) has been described with a large variety of adjectives, which acknowledge the structural and functional complexity and the high phenotypic plasticity of this giant tropical herb (León 1987). C. papaya, with a somatic chromosome number of 18, is the sole species of this genus of the Caricaceae, a family well represented in the Neotropics, that includes six genera with at least 35 species (Fisher 1980; Ming et al. 2008; Carvalho and Renner 2013 ). Most likely, papaya originated along the Caribbean coast of Mesoamerica (Fitch 2005 ) and spread to many tropical and subtropical regions around the world (Kim et al. 2002), where its distribution is limited by chilling sensitivity (Allan 2002; Dhekney et al. 2007). Domestication eventually led to substantial changes in vegetative growth and sexual forms that distinguish wild populations from cultivated genotypes (Paz and Vázquez-Yanes 1998; Niklas and Marler 2007). Because of its high yield, nutritional value, functional properties, and year-round fruit production, the importance of this crop around the world is undeniable. The papaya plant is a semi-woody, latex-producing, usually single-stemmed, short-lived perennial herb. The relatively small genome of this species shows peculiarities in major gene groups involved in cell size and lignification, carbohydrate economy, photoperiodic responses, and secondary metabolites, which place the papaya in an intermediate position between herbs and trees (Ming et al. 2008 ). Reproductive precocity, high photosynthetic rates of short-lived leaves, fast growth, high reproductive output, production of many seeds, and low construction cost of hollow stems (Fig. 2.1a–d), petioles, and fruits characterize this successful tropical pioneer. High phenotypic plasticity allows this plant to establish in recently disturbed sites, thriving during early stages of tropical succession and as members of diverse agroecosystems as well (Hart 1980; Ewel 1986), that constitute important genetic reservoirs (Brown et al. 2012 ). At any given time, adult papaya plants can sustain vegetative growth, fl owering, and dozens of fruits at different stages of development, simultaneously.
Caracterización económica de la producción de melón (Cucumis melo) en Costa Rica
(2016) Monge Pérez, José Eladio
Capítulo de libro con resumen histórico del cultivo del melón en Costa Rica y la evolución de las diferentes variedades. Se presentan datos sobre la exportación de la fruta, el mercado nacional y el área cultivada a lo largo del tiempo.
Cas
(Alimentos vegetales autóctonos iberoamericanos subutilizados (pp.1-23).México: Fabro Editores, 2018) Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes; Rojas Garbanzo, Carolina
El capítulo describe las características agronómicas y nutricionales de la planta del cas.
Challenges for Food and Nutrition Security in the Americas: Costa Rica and its commitment to sustainability
(2017-11) Jiménez García, Víctor; Acuña Gutiérrez, Catalina; Agüero Vargas, Marilín; Alvarado Hernández, Alfredo; Ávila Agüero, María L.; Blanco Vega, Marialis; Dumani Echandi, Marcela; Esquivel Rodríguez, Patricia; Gatica Arias, Andrés Mauricio; Guevara Berger, Eric; Hernández Pridybailo, Andrés; Hernández Cordero, Raquel; Holst Sanjuán, Andrea; Madriz Morales, Karol; Mata Segreda, Julio Francisco; Quirós Madrigal, Olman José; Radulovich Ramírez, Ricardo; Salas Chaves, Álvaro; Solórzano Cascante, Paúl
As a small nation with high biodiversity and an extensive system of protected areas, Costa Rica will face particular challenges regarding food security over the next few years. Thus, whatever development model the country chooses, it must achieve a compromise between conservation and production (agricultural, energy and so on). Although the country’s malnutrition levels are below 5%, socioeconomic asymmetries - which have been increasing in recent years - put a growing proportion of the population at risk. Costa Rica also has a high disaster risk (due to volcanism, seismicity and climatic events), which is likely to be increased by climate change. Moreover, the country’s population is aging and growing very little in absolute numbers, which is also reflected in the predominance of farmers growing older. It is important to mention that the country relies heavily on food imports, mainly of basic grains, to cover the needs of its population. Food production uses a large amount of imported seed and propagating material, which are often not suited to local conditions, as well as very intensive use of agrochemicals, with negative consequences for health and the environment. Over the next few years, it will be crucial to maintain solid public higher-education and research structures in the agricultural field. Although there is no shortage of water in the country in general, water is unevenly distributed at certain times and between regions. Another important challenge is that overweight and obesity show an increasing and alarming upward trend. A comprehensive approach considering many actors and positions is required to ensure food and nutrition in Costa Rica over the next fifty years. To this end and to be consistent with a long tradition that has earned the country recognition, the government should continue with its policies to conserve protected areas and biodiversity. At the same time, it should increase productivity and yields in land with a clear agricultural vocation. This is important for reducing dependence on imported food in order to meet the basic needs of the country’s inhabitants. In order to achieve broad access to sufficient nutritious food, it is essential to reduce the gaps in the population’s socioeconomic conditions. Production systems should be more environmentally friendly by reducing the use of agrochemicals, and making more and better use of soil, and integrated pest, water resources, waste and residue-management practices. It will also be important to encourage, where possible, the use of local species or those adapted to local conditions, some of which are little known and underutilized, which are important for the diet beyond caloric intake (as a source of micronutrients, vitamins and functional compounds). This requires considering the enormous biodiversity present in the country and encouraging genetic improvement in order to reduce dependence on imported seed and propagation materials, since these were often developed for other climatic and edaphic conditions, as well as different productive systems. It is essential to achieve greater differentiation of products that follow certain quality standards in terms of production, marketing and nutritional value over the next few years, and for this to provide some form of competitive advantage. Prevention and mitigation measures must be taken against disasters that can be caused by specific events (hurricanes, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.) or climate change. It will be important to continue the construction and maintenance of water collection, storage and supply works to reduce water shortages in particular areas and at specific times. Agricultural activity must be made attractive so that young people choose to remain in the countryside rather than migrating to cities. State funding for research on priority issues for the country must be increased, and incentives created so that the private sector also becomes interested in supporting research. It is also necessary to continue promoting high-level human resource training, preferably at top universities abroad, to promote agricultural research. Likewise, technical and vocational education must be promoted with the participation of various institutions (such as the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, technical and vocational colleges and dual education). The country must consider a wide range of options for agricultural production with a view toward ensuring food and nutrition for its inhabitants. This framework must consider all the (bio)technological options, provided they do not conflict with the environment and health. It is also essential to continue and intensify programs that seek to promote healthy eating habits and encourage physical activity among the population.
Chapter 3 - Cacao
(2023) Mayorga Gross, Ana Lucía; Montoya Arroyo, Alexander
Cocoa and cocoa derivatives are recognized for having a rich and complex nature. This is highly dependent on the cocoa genetics, on the terroir where cocoa is produced and processed, on the different transformation steps and on the final formulation of the product. Fats and proteins can constitute the highest percentage of different cocoa products, in addition a great variety of phytochemicals can be found, as for example, polyphenols as flavonoids, methylxanthines, fatty acids, phenolic acids, vitamins, minerals, peptides, N-phenylpropenoyl-l-amino acids, biogenic amines, among others. After intake, the bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, and excretion of these phytochemicals are mainly influenced by several factors as nature and dose of the phytochemicals, food matrix and interactions with other metabolites, subject profile and its overall health status and interactions with the microbiota. During these processes, a series of transformations lead to the production of metabolites which might exert biological activity with different implications. Increasing evidence shows that cocoa and derivatives intake has a potential role in health promotion suggesting acute positive effects over vascular parameters and cardiovascular performance, especially when containing significant amounts of flavonoids. Nonetheless, the relation between cocoa intake and health must be done with integrative approaches. This chapter aims to review the cocoa and cocoa derivatives composition, and its change during postharvest and processing steps. Furthermore, the relation between composition and metabolites reported in plasma and urine after intake of cocoa and cocoa products is shown. A review of some of the physiological mechanisms associated with the presence of metabolic products is addressed, with special focus on cardiovascular performance. Finally, evidence is presented regarding clinical interventions with cocoa and cocoa products, emphasizing cardiovascular health.
Chapter 3: Standard protocols for in vitro propagation of bamboo with emphasis on axillary shoot proliferation
(2021) Jiménez García, Víctor Manuel; Holst Sanjuán, Andrea; Carvajal Campos, Paula; Guevara Berger, Eric
Bamboo is a group of plants in which in vitro propagation truly offers an option to overcome the reported constraints of conventional propagation, allowing to potentially obtain large amounts of uniform selected plants. Plant in vitro propagation can occur following different pathways, i.e., activation of preexisting buds, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis, with the involvement of de novo formation of proliferating structures in the latter two. The utilization of preformed vegetative meristems to develop bamboo plants in vitro will be the subject of this chapter. Bamboo plants produce thin lateral branches in addition to the straight and comparatively massive culms. These side branches are the source of the single-node segments used as explants to start tissue cultures. After lateral bud sprouting, growth, and multiplication, rooting and acclimatization steps are necessary to obtain plants to be grown in the field. Considering the existence of recent and comprehensive review papers on the use of axillary shoot proliferation for bamboo mass propagation, we will try to set in this chapter common approaches to fulfill the requirements of the distinct taxa, in addition to emphasizing the most critical problems, and on how to counteract them to increase the chances of success.
Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in papaya
(2020-01-24) Fallas Corrales, Róger Armando; van der Zee, Sjoerd E. A. T. M.; Srivastava, A. K.; Hu, Chengxiao
Carica papaya L. is a particularly high yielding tropical crop, originally from Central America and the South of México; its domestication is attributed to the Aztecs and Mayas (Fuentes and Santamaría, 2014). As it originates and is grown in tropical and subtropical regions (Céccoli et al., 2013), the crop suffers from chill conditions in temperate regions. The crop is now found in different tropical regions around the world. The Caricaceae family, which C. papaya L. is part, is composed of six genus (Carica, Vasconcellea, Horovitzia, Jarilla, Jacaratia, and Cylicomorpha); most of them with an American origin and as shown in Fig. 42.1 can be found growing in wild areas, for example, in Central America. Only one of the genus (Cylicomorpha) is found growing wildly in regions of Africa, even though it is hypothesized that Carica has an African ancestor that traveled by surface sea currents through the Atlantic Ocean and started to colonize in the American continent (Carvalho and Renner, 2014).
Disponibilidad nacional de desechos agroindustriales y mercado internacional de polímeros
(Bioplásticos y agroindustria: alternativas para la valoración de subproductos agroindustriales (pp.1-17).San José, Costa Rica: EUNED, 2018) Rojas Garbanzo, Carolina; Rojas Garbanzo, Carolina; Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes; Cortés Muñoz, Marianela; Soto Retana, Marvin
El capítulo aborda dos puntos sobre la disponibilidad nacional de desechos agroindustriales y mercado internacional de polímeros; el primero, la disponibilidad de desechos agroindustriales en el mercado costarricense; y el segundo, el abastecimiento y utilización de los polímeros en mercados locales e internacionales.
Efecto del momento de retiro de la manta térmica sobre la fenología, el rendimiento y la calidad de melón (Cucumis melo L.)
(2019) Sancho Jiménez, Rose Mary; Monge Pérez, José Eladio
Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes momentos de retiro de la manta térmica, sobre la fenología, rendimiento y calidad del melón tipo Cantaloupe, variedad MAG. Para la primera siembra, los tratamientos de retiro de la manta térmica entre los 22 y 23 días después del trasplante (ddt) presentaron la mayor producción de fruta exportable y de primera calidad para el mercado de Estados Unidos. Para la segunda siembra, el momento idóneo para realizar el retiro de la manta térmica fue a los 28 ddt.
Evaluación económica del uso de diversos tipos de poda y densidades de siembra en melón tipo Honey Dew (Cucumis melo L.) cultivado en invernadero
(2019) Díaz Alvarado, Jorge Manuel; Monge Pérez, José Eladio
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la mejor combinación de tipo de poda y densidad de siembra para el melón híbrido tipo Honey Dew JMX-701 F-1 cultivado en invernadero, tomando en cuenta el beneficio económico contra el costo de la implementación de las diferentes prácticas de manejo, mediante el análisis de la utilidad parcial. Se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra (1,9; 3,2; y 3,9 plantas/m2) y tres sistemas de poda (sin poda, poda del tallo principal y manejo de un tallo secundario; y poda del tallo principal y manejo de dos tallos secundarios) en un arreglo factorial, para un total de nueve tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento (total y comercial), ni en el porcentaje de sólidos solubles totales entre los tratamientos evaluados, pero sí hubo diferencias significativas en el número de frutos por planta, donde a mayor densidad de plantas, menor es el número de frutos por planta. El uso de podas no generó un impacto importante en las variables agronómicas evaluadas. Se determina como mejor tratamiento el que incluye una densidad de 1,9 plantas/m2 con poda a dos tallos secundarios. Aunque los rendimientos y las calidades de fruta fueron prácticamente similares para todos los tratamientos, con el tratamiento de 1,9 plantas/m2 con poda a dos tallos secundarios se obtuvo la mejor utilidad parcial tanto en el escenario real como en el ficticio (3.610.110 y 11.079.060 colones/ha, respectivamente), y por lo tanto el mejor retorno económico bajo las condiciones de cultivo observadas en el invernadero de la EEAFBM. En este caso, sí hubo un beneficio económico al utilizar la poda. Los datos indican que la producción de melón tipo Honey Dew JMX-701 F-1 en ambientes protegidos puede ser económicamente rentable, tanto para un escenario de buenos precios en temporada lluviosa, como para ser producido en la época seca cuando hay competencia por fruta producida en campo.
Evaluación preliminar de 201 genotipos de ocho diferentes hortalizas (berenjena, chile dulce, zucchini, ayote, sandía, pepino, tomate y melón) cultivados bajo invernadero en Costa Rica
(2016-07) Monge Pérez, José Eladio
El cambio climático puede tener grandes consecuencias en el cultivo de alimentos. Este capítulo hace una evaluación de características morfológicas, rendimiento y calidad de 8 diferentes hortalizas. Se presentan los cuadros de resultados para cada una de ellas.
Feeding and Nutrition of Anteaters
(2011-05-02) Valdes, Eduardo V.; Brenes Soto, Andrea
The superorder Xenarthra (former Edentata) is grouped into two orders, Cingulata (armadillos) and Pilosa (anteaters and sloths). These are special mammals that show unique traits: (1) the existence of secondary articulations called xenarthrales located between the lumbar vertebrae and the spinal column; (2) the presence of fused pelvic bones; and (3) very low metabolic rate and variable body temperatures, which allow xenarthrans to conserve energy. They are also highly specialized, but diverse in terms of dietary needs. Xenarthrans include strict folivores such as the three-toed sloth (Bradypodidae), omnivore-generalists such as the two-toed sloth (Choloepus spp.), specialized carnivores such as the giant anteater (Mymecophaga tridactyla), and the tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla, T. mexicana). Armadillos vary in their diet, with certain species feeding mainly on ants and termites but others, such as the common Dasypus novemcinctus, are omnivorous.
Formas de deposición de carotenoides en alimentos vegetales y sus posibles implicaciones en su bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad
(2017-11) Esquivel Rodríguez, Patricia; Chacón Ordóñez, Tania; Hempel, Judith; Schweiggert, Ralf M.; Carle, Reinhold; Jiménez García, Víctor
En las plantas, los carotenoides son generalmente biosintetizados y depositados en diferentes tipos de plastidios. En tejidos vegetales verdes, los carotenoides se encuentran dentro de cloroplastos, los cuales tienen morfología y composición similar. En tejidos vegetales no verdes, estos pigmentos se encuentran en cromoplastos, los cuales pueden tener cierta diversidad estructural (Cazzonelli y Pogson, 2010). Se han descrito cuatro formas de deposición de carotenoides en cromoplastos: aquellos que están disueltos en lípidos, en forma líquido-cristalina, asociados a membranas y en forma sólido-cristalina. Se postula que el tipo de plastidio en el que se encuentran puede tener una importante influencia en la biodisponibilidad de los carotenoides (Schweiggert et al., 2012). Debido a ello, la caracterización ultra-estructural de estos orgánulos es interesante para estimar el potencial de un material vegetal en particular como fuente de carotenoides biodisponibles.
Fruit Processing in Central America and Mexico
(2016) Velázquez Carrillo, Ana Carmela; Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes; Prado Barragán, Lilia Arely
The fruit production and processing in Central America and Mexico are discussed in this chapter, considering the volume of production, the competitiveness that this crops have in the region and world, and some sociocultural differences between the countries that help to explain the different aspects of the agro–industry. Central American countries are world leaders in agricultural production in tropical fruits like banana and pineapple, and Mexico places importance on agriculture also and is the world leader in products like avocado, coffee, and citrus fruits. The compositions of these major tropical fruits are analyzed and compared, considering not only nutrients, but also biological activities related to major molecules of special interest.
Fuentes Minerales
(2016-04) Mata Arias, Lizbeth Lucía
Este proyecto de la Vicerrectoria de Investigación de la Universidad de Costa Rica, dió inicio en el año 2012 y finaliza en el año 2016. Durante su ejecución se han analizado 27 tipos diferentes de materias primas minerales, que la industria usa para la manufactura de premezclas minerales y núcleos. Los cuales se adicionan a los alimentos balanceados que nuestro país utiliza en la alimentación de las especies animales domesticas, para obtener los productos de origen animal: leche, huevos y carne que todos los días llegan a la mesa de los consumidores. Actualmente el Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal lleva analizadas 577 muestras de ingredientes minerales para un total de 3462 análisis realizados. Para cada materia prima se presenta una breve descripción de su proceso de elaboración u obtención. Así como su contenido de humedad, mineral constituyente y contenidos de metales pesados: arsénico. cadmio, mercurio y plomo. Además se agregan los valores biológicos relativos para la mayoría de los ingredientes, con el fin de ofrecer información sobre los criterios de su uso y disponibilidad. También se presenta la composición de los aminoácidos industriales y las estimaciones de energía para algunas especies animales. Este último año de muestro en las empresas se incorporará a la información ya existente y se publicará en el año 2017 en una nueva actualización de la Tabla de Composición de Materias Primas usadas en Alimentos para Animales.

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