Ciencias cognoscitivashttps://hdl.handle.net/10669/3092024-03-19T13:19:45Z2024-03-19T13:19:45ZThe impacts of social determinants of health and cardiometabolic factors on cognitive and functional aging in Colombian underserved populationshttps://hdl.handle.net/10669/910552024-03-08T15:43:20Z2023-01-01T00:00:00ZThe impacts of social determinants of health and cardiometabolic factors on cognitive and functional aging in Colombian underserved populations
Global initiatives call for further understanding of the impact of inequity on aging across underserved populations. Previous research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) presents limitations in assessing combined sources of inequity and outcomes (i.e., cognition and functionality). In this study, we assessed how social determinants of health (SDH), cardiometabolic factors (CMFs), and other medical/social factors predict cognition and functionality in an aging Colombian population. We ran a cross-sectional study that combined theory- (structural equation models) and data-driven (machine learning) approaches in a population-based study (N = 23,694; M = 69.8 years) to assess the best predictors of cognition and functionality. We found that a combination of SDH and CMF accurately predicted cognition and functionality, although SDH was the stronger predictor. Cognition was predicted with the highest accuracy by SDH, followed by demographics, CMF, and other factors. A combination of SDH, age, CMF, and additional physical/psychological factors were the best predictors of functional status. Results highlight the role of inequity in predicting brain health and advancing solutions to reduce the cognitive and functional decline in LMICs.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZThe role of executive functions, social cognition and intelligence in predicting social adaptation of vulnerable populationshttps://hdl.handle.net/10669/910542024-03-08T15:24:13Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZThe role of executive functions, social cognition and intelligence in predicting social adaptation of vulnerable populations
This study sought to evaluate the roles of and interactions between cognitive processes that have been shown to exhibit impact from socioeconomic status (SES) and living conditions in predicting social adaptation (SA) in a population of adults living in socially vulnerable conditions. Participants included 226 people between the ages of 18 and 60 who have been living in vulnerable contexts throughout life in Santiago, Chile. Data was collected through a battery of psychological assessments. A structural equation model (SEM) was implemented to examine the interrelationships among cognitive and social variables. Results indicate a significant relationship between executive function (EF) and SA through both social cognition (SC) and intelligence. Theory of Mind (ToM), a component of SC, was shown to exhibit a significant relationship with affective empathy; interestingly, this was negatively related to SA. Moreover, fluid intelligence (FI) was found to exhibit a positive, indirect relationship with SA through crystallized intelligence (CI). Evaluation of these results in the context of research on the impacts of SES and vulnerable living conditions on psychological function may allow for the development of more effective clinical, political, and social interventions to support psychosocial health among socially vulnerable populations.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZIf and only if people were logical! The effect of pragmatic enrichment on reasoning with abstract and realistic materialshttps://hdl.handle.net/10669/910532024-03-08T15:21:15Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZIf and only if people were logical! The effect of pragmatic enrichment on reasoning with abstract and realistic materials
Human beings often fall prey to fallacious reasoning. One influential view holds that reasoners endorsing fallacies do not commit logical errors but rather that they endorse such fallacies on pragmatic grounds, i.e. by tacitly considering a conditional premise (If you wash my car, I will give you $10) a biconditional one (I will give you $10, if and only if you wash my car). If such an operation – known as invited inference or pragmatic enrichment – does occur, the acceptance of an invalid argument becomes legitimate. This paper seeks to find out if pragmatic enrichment happens for conditionals and, if so, under what circumstances. To address this issue, we conducted two complementary experiments in which we manipulated the type of material used in reasoning (abstract vs realistic) and the nature of the major premise (conditional vs biconditional). Our results indicate that both of these factors do indeed affect reasoning processes and performance. Overall, our findings suggest that only conditionals undergo pragmatic enrichment albeit not systematically as enrichment takes place only with a subclass of realistic materials.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZEjercicio aeróbico agudo y sus posibles efectos sobre la memoria de trabajohttps://hdl.handle.net/10669/908712024-02-02T16:34:35Z2023-01-01T00:00:00ZEjercicio aeróbico agudo y sus posibles efectos sobre la memoria de trabajo
Varios estudios han reportado mejoras en la memoria de trabajo en diferentes momentos de recuperación post-ejercicio agudo; sin embargo, aún se desconocen los mecanismos que le subyacen. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue examinar si una sola sesión de ejercicio aeróbico a intensidad moderada influye en la cantidad de representaciones que se mantienen (Proporción de respuestas correctas, PC de acá en adelante) y en el tiempo que se emplea para actualizarlas (Tiempo de actualización de acá en adelante) en una Tarea de Actualización de la Memoria de Trabajo Visoespacial. Específicamente, se evaluó la manera en la que esta sesión de ejercicio influye sobre la bien documentada relación entre la carga cognitiva (CC) y la PC en la memoria de trabajo. Además, se examinó la manera en la que diferentes mapeos de estímulos respuesta (i.e., actualizar representaciones de acuerdo con el color de indicado por flechas rojas y negras) influyen en la PC y en el tiempo de actualización. Ciento cincuenta y siete adultos jóvenes completaron una de las cuatro condiciones posibles: (A) ejercicio y 30-min post-ejercicio [Ex30], (B) control y 30-min post-video [C30], (C) ejercicio y 60-min post-ejercicio [Ex60], y (D) control y 60-min post-video [C60]. La tarea se realizó antes y 30 o 60 minutos después de la recuperación. No hubo diferencias en la PC en ensayos con alta y baja CC en Ex30 y Ex60, sin embargo, el rendimiento en ensayos con alta CL fue menor en C30 y C60. El tiempo de actualización en las condiciones de flecha con mayor procesamiento cognitivo (es decir, Rojo y Mixto) no difirió entre Ex30 y Ex60. En los grupos control, C30 presentó un tiempo de actualización mayor en flechas Rojas y Mixtas en comparación con C60. En conclusión, se demostró por primera vez que la PC y el tiempo de actualización no se vieron afectados por la carga cognitiva 30 minutos y 60 minutos después del ejercicio.
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