Abordaje de la soledad y/o aislamiento social en adultos mayores
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Abstract
La inversión en la pirámide poblacional ha llevado a un incremento de la población adulta mayor. Los adultos mayores en dependencia a variables como estado civil, enfermedades crónicas y/o psicológicas, redes de apoyo, ubicación geografía y condiciones socioeconómicas han experimentado un aumento en condiciones como la soledad y el aislamiento social. Podemos definir a la soledad como la percepción de la persona de sentirse solo, aun cuando presente, familiares y amigos a quien pueda recurrir, y aislamiento social a la situación evidenciable en donde la persona no cuenta con redes de apoyo, ambas relacionables entre sí. Dichas condiciones se relacionan con múltiples comorbilidades en donde puede aumentar la mortalidad de algunas de ellas, de ahí la importancia de conocer las herramientas o escalas disponibles para la identificación y abordaje temprano en los adultos mayores. En cuanto a las intervenciones existen muchos estudios y revisiones en relación al tema, sin embargo, por fallas en la metodología de los estudios no ha llegado a crear evidencia fuerte de funcionamiento por lo que se debe individualizar cada caso y enfocarse en la atención centrada en la persona para la elección más favorable de acuerdo a los recursos existente, las mismas pueden ir desde actividades sociales grupales, de ejercicio, arte, con animales así como la utilización de tecnología como sitios web, videollamada, mensajería de texto para mantener en contacto y acompañamiento a los adultos mayores que presenten dichas condiciones.
Loneliness and social isolation are increasingly common conditions among older adults due to the shift in the population pyramid, where we are increasingly seeing older adults. In addition, different variables such as marital status, chronic illnesses, psychological conditions, support networks, geographic location, and socioeconomic conditions make these conditions more prevalent. We can define loneliness as a person's perception of feeling alone even when they have family and friends to turn to, and social isolation as the evident situation where the person lacks interrelated support networks. These conditions are related to multiple comorbidities, which can increase the mortality of some of them, hence the importance of knowing the tools or scales available for early identification and treatment in older adults. Regarding interventions, there are many studies and reviews about them, however, due to flaws in the methodology of the studies, strong evidence of their effectiveness has not been created, which is why each case must be individualized and focus on person-centered care for the most favorable choice according to existing resources. These can range from group social activities, exercise, art, with animals, as well as the use of technology such as websites, video calls, text messaging to keep in contact and accompany older adults who present these conditions.
Loneliness and social isolation are increasingly common conditions among older adults due to the shift in the population pyramid, where we are increasingly seeing older adults. In addition, different variables such as marital status, chronic illnesses, psychological conditions, support networks, geographic location, and socioeconomic conditions make these conditions more prevalent. We can define loneliness as a person's perception of feeling alone even when they have family and friends to turn to, and social isolation as the evident situation where the person lacks interrelated support networks. These conditions are related to multiple comorbidities, which can increase the mortality of some of them, hence the importance of knowing the tools or scales available for early identification and treatment in older adults. Regarding interventions, there are many studies and reviews about them, however, due to flaws in the methodology of the studies, strong evidence of their effectiveness has not been created, which is why each case must be individualized and focus on person-centered care for the most favorable choice according to existing resources. These can range from group social activities, exercise, art, with animals, as well as the use of technology such as websites, video calls, text messaging to keep in contact and accompany older adults who present these conditions.
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Keywords
soledad, aislamiento social, adulto mayor, vejez, intervención, loneliness, social isolation, older people, old age, intervention