Submitted 5 October 2023, Accepted 7 December 2023, Published 12 December 2023 Corresponding Author: Qiang Li – e-mail – LQ@mail.qjnu.edu.cn, Dong-Qin Dai – e-mail – cicidaidongqin@gmail.com 1960 Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa Hyde KD1,2,3, Abdel-Wahab MA4, Abdollahzadeh J5, Abeywickrama PD6, Absalan S7,2, Afshari N7,2, Ainsworth AM8, Akulov OY9, Aleoshin VV10,11, Al-Sadi AM12, Alvarado P13, Alves A14, Alves-Silva G132, Amalfi M15,16, Amira Y17, Amuhenage TB2,3, Anderson JL18,102, Antonín V19, Aouali S20, Aptroot A21, Apurillo CCS2,3,22, Araújo JPM23, Ariyawansa HA24, Armand A2,3, Arumugam E25, Asghari R2,3, Assis DMA26, Atienza V27, Avasthi S28, Azevedo E29, Bahkali AH30, Bakhshi M31, Banihashemi Z32, Bao DF33, Baral HO34, Barata M35, Barbosa FR36, Barbosa RN26, Barreto RW37, Baschien C178, Belamesiatseva DB39, Bennett Reuel M40,41, Bera I2, Bezerra JDP42, Bezerra JL43, Bhat DJ30,44, Bhunjun CS2,3, Bianchinotti MV45, Błaszkowski J46, Blondelle 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HX165, Wu N2,3,89, Wu WP191, Wurzbacher C251, Xiao YP252, Xiong YR2,3,127, Xu B127, Xu LJ401, Xu R208,149, Xu RF2,3,99, Xu RJ2,3,99, Xu TM98, Yakovchenko L383, Yan JY6, Yang HD2,3,384, Yang J2, Yang ZL384, Yang YH2,3,127, Yapa N397, Yasanthika E2,3,, Youssef NH137, Yu FM2,3,384, Yu Q358, Yu XD89, Yu YX89, Yu ZF401, Yuan HS282, Yuan Y98, Yurkov A178, Zafari D215, Zamora JC114, Zare R31, Zeng M2,3,384, Zeng NK267, Zeng XY366, Zhang F2,3,377, Zhang H217, Zhang JF57,378, Zhang JY2,3,249, Zhang QY98, Zhang SN89, Zhang W6, Zhang Y98, Zhang YX127, Zhao CL187, Zhao H98, Zhao Q384, Zhao RL69, Zhou LW69, Zhou M98, Zhurbenko MP143, Zin HH2,3, Zucconi L231 1Centre for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, P.R. China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand 4Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt 5Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran 6Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, People’s Republic of China 7Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 8Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK 9V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine 10Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation 11Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127051, Russian Federation 12Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, AlKhoud 123, Oman 13Dr. Fernando Bongera st., Severo Ochoa bldg. S1.04, 33006 Oviedo, Spain 14Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal 15Meise Botanic Garden, Department Research, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860 Meise, Belgium 1963 16Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Service Général de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, rue A. Lavallée 1, BE-1080 Bruxelles, Belgium 17REMA – Núcleo Ressacada de Pesquisas em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus Universitário – Trindade 88040-970 Florianópolis – SC – Brasil 18Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Division of Microbial Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden 19Moravian Museum, Dept. of Botany, Zelný trh 6, CZ-659 37 Brno, Czech Republic 20Forest Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, Forest Protection Division, National Forest Research Institute, Algiers 16032, Algeria 21Laboratório de Botânica / Liquenologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva s/n, Bairro Universitário, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 22Center for Research in Science and Technology (CReST), Philippine Science High School-Eastern Visayas Campus, 6501 Palo, Leyte, Philippines 23Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx - NY 10458 USA 24Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 25Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India 26Department of Mycology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, 50740-600, Brazil 27Departament de Botànica i Geologia, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Campus de Burjassot, Universitat de València, ES-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain 28School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474011, India 29Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Climáticas (CE3C), and Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal 30Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 31Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran 32Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran 33College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, Yunnan, P. R. China 34Blaihofstraße 42, D–72074 Tübingen, Germany 35Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Climáticas (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal 36Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Setor Industrial, CEP: 78.557-267, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil 37Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil 38Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganalge 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14- 16, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 39State Scientific Institution V.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany / 27 Akademichnaya St., Minsk BY-220072, Republic of Belarus 40Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines 41UST Collection of Microbial Strains, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines 42Laboratório de Micologia and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Parasito-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás. Rua 235, s/n, 74605–050, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil 43Department of Agronomy, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil 44Biology Division, Vishnugupta Vishwavidyapeetam, Ashoke, Gokarna 581326, India 45Dto. de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Centro de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Zona Semiárida (CERZOS-UNS-CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina 46Department of Environmental Management, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin 71434, Poland 47College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 48Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, 48824, United States of America 49National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand 50Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy 51Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 52Univ Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, F-29280 Plouzané, France 53Harry Butler Institute, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia 1964 54Herbier de mycologie, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France 55Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Guadalajara, Apdo. postal 1-139, Zapopan, Jal., 45147, Mexico 56Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Vereador Olimpio Grande, s/n, Bairro Centro, CEP 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil 57Guizhou Provincial Institute of Tea, Guiyang 550006, People's Republic of China 58State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 59State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China 60Division of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, 5023, Philippines 61Mycokosmos – Mycology and Scientific Communication, Rua JP 11 Quadra 18 Lote 13, Jd. Primavera 1ª etapa, Anápolis, GO, 75090-260, Brazil 62Laboratório de Pesquisa em Ensino de Ciências – LabPEC, Centro de Pesquisas e Educação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Campus Central (CEPEC/UEG), Anápolis, GO, 75132-903, Brazil 63Organización Juvenil, Hongos Perú, Av. Ejército B-12, Cusco, Perú 64Centro de Investigación y Producción de Hongos Alimenticios y Medicinales, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De la Cultura 733, Cusco, Perú 65Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional Intercultural de Quillabamba, El Arenal S/N, Quillabamba, Perú 66Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, Brazil 67Mycology and Environmental Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain 68Postgraduate Program in Earth and Environmental Sciences Modeling, Feira de Santana State University, Ave. Transnordestina, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036900, Brazil 69State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China 70Departamento Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcala, 28805, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain 71Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal 72Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, Calle 110 No. 514, Playa, La Habana 11600, Cuba 73Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 74Instituto Criptogámico, Sección Micología - Área Botánica - Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251- (T4000JFE) San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina 75Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 76Ecology Research Group of Abitibi RCM, Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC J9T 2L8, Canada 77Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Stn. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada 79Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany 80Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 81Department of Botany, Scottish Church College (affiliated to University of Calcutta), Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin- 700006, India 82Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland, U.S.A. 20715 83School of Biology and Natural Products Research Centre (CIPRONA), University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica 84Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 85Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan 86Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan 87State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 10010, China 88Center for Mycomedicine Research, Basic Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, P. R. China 89School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China 90Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy 91Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570–900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 92Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Brazil 93Laboratorio de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Jr. Amorarca N° 315, Morales, Peru 94Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós‑graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia 44036‑900, Brazil 1965 95Laboratoire de Génie civil et Géo-environnement (LGCgE) – ER4. LSVF, Faculté de Pharmacie, UFR3S – Université de Lille. 3, rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France 96Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Detrick, Maryland, U.S.A. 97Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 98Institute of Microbiology, School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 99Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 100Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 101Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States of America 102 IUCN SSC Aquatic Fungi Specialist Group, 1196 Gland, Switzerland 103Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Görlitz, Germany 104W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland 105Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran 106Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. - Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India 107College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea 108Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, South Yarra, VIC 3141, Australia 109Altai State University, Lenin Ave. 61, Barnaul, 656049, Russia 110DenchevPostgraduate Institute of Agriculture, Old Galaha Road, 20400, Sri Lanka 111Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgoque 112Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent, Belgium 113Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Havenlaan 88 box 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium 114Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève, Chemin de l’Impératrice 1, 1292 Chambésy-Genève, Switzerland 115University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, USA 116Eurofins Built Environment Houston, 6110 W. 34th St., Houston, TX 77092, USA 117Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 118Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 119Nucleus of Applied Biology - Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais 35702-098, Brazil 120Natural History Museum of Utah; School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 121Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India 122Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India 123Institute of Biological Sciences, Mycological Collection, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil 124Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 125Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education, Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China 126Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Konya, Türkiye 127Innovative Institute for Plant Health/ Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China 128Department of Biology, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran 129College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China 130Department of Plant Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka 131Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, CEP 49500-000, Itabaiana, Sergipe, Brazil 132MIND.Funga/MICOLAB, Botany Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil 133Department of Biotechnology, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India 134Molecular and Applied Mycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India 135Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales, 2751, Australia 136Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia 137Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA 138Department of Landscape Architects, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, 40200, Turkey 139Navarro Villoslada 16, 3º dcha, 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain 140CABI, UK Centre Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK 141The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 1966 142Hainan Key Laboratory for R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China 143Laboratory of Systematics and Geography of Fungi, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, 197022, Russia 144Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Key Biscayne, Fl. 33149 145Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal 146Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal 147Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, campus Monte Carmelo, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, 38500-000, Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil 148Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal-RN, Brazil 149Internationally Cooperative Research Center of China for New Germplasm Breeding of Edible Mushroom, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China 150Laboratory of Microbiology and Enzymology-LEMA, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, 55292-270, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil 151Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Soltofts Plads B 221, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark 152College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, G.P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia 153Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS). Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3 08034 Barcelona, Spain 154Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 155Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain 156CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain 157All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint Petersburg, 196608, Russia 158The Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), University of Tyumen, Tyumen, 625003, Russia 159Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IURESCAT, Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain 160Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 161Av Universidad 3000, CP 04510, CDMX, México 162Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China 163Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Tonolli 50, 28922 Verbania (VB), Italy 164Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar-249405, Uttarakhand, India 165International Fungal Research and Development Centre, Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China 166Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IURESCAT, Unitat de Micologia i Microbiologia Ambiental, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain 167Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P. O. Box 3353- 5111, Tehran 3353136846, Iran 168Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-970, Brazil 169Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil 170Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom 171Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Plant-DNA Biobank, University of Salamanca. Salamanca 37007, Spain 172Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal 59078–900, Brazil 173Escuela de Agronomía, Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit and Centro de Investigaciones en Estructuras Microscópicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 11801, Costa Rica 174Department of Life Sciences, Cledwyn Building, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion WALES SY23 3DD, UK 175Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Zur Alten Fischerhuette 2, D-16775 Stechlin, Germany 176Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany 177CSIRO - National Facilities and Collections, National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Herbarium, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia 178Department of Bioresources for Bioeconomy and Health, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 179Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil 180Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina 181Unidad Académica de Biotecnología y Agroindustrial, Universidad Politécnica de Huatusco, Huatusco 94116, Mexico 1967 182Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic 183Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 Česke Budějovice, Czech Republic 184Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, USA 185Denver Botanic Gardens, 909 York St., Denver, CO 80206, USA 186Institute of Fungus Resources, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China 187College of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, P.R China 188University of Copenhagen, Dep. of Biology, Sect. of Terrestrial Ecology, 2100 København Ø, DK-Denmark 189Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA 190Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 191The R&D Center, Novozymes China, 14 Xin Xi Lu, Shangdi, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, P.R. China 192Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA 193Instituto de Ecología A.C., Laboratorio de micromicetos, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, Mexico 194Plant Pathology Herbarium, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA 195Laboratorio de Micologia Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y Producción de Hongos Alimenticios y Medicinales - CIPHAM, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad, Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De la Cultura 733, Cusco, Perú 196Sociedad Botanica del Cusco, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. De la Cultura 733, Cusco, Perú 197Organización de Mujeres en Ciencia para el mundo en Desarrollo -OWSD, Capítulo Perú 198Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 199Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China 200Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland 201Schlossfeld 17, A-6002 Innsbruck, Austria 202National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Pref. 305-0005, Japan 203School of Resources and Environment, Zunyi Normal University, Zuny, 563006, China 204Korean Lichen Research institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea 205Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville, Missouri 64468 USA 206Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L’Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy 207Department of Botany, Section of Mycology, National Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran 208School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China 209Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka 210Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Qujing Normal University, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, P.R. China 211Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, South Korea 212Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Moka, Mauritius 213Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia 214College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China 215Department of Plant Protection Bu-ali Sina University. Hamedan, Iran 21633B St Edwards Road, Southsea, Hants, PO53DH UK 217Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, West Side of North Section of Industrial Avenue, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China 218New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick, E2K 1E5, Canada 219New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY, 12230, USA 220University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan 221Mycology Working Group, Biologicum, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 222School of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering and Planning, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China 223Guizhou Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in the Fanjing Mountain Region, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China 224Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resources of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025 China 225Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya emb. 1St Petersburg, 199034. Russian Federation 227National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka 228ZHAW School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland 229Organismic Botany and Mycology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany 1968 230Department of Microbiology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 231Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 232Laboratório de Estudos de Biodiversidade, Campus Pantanal de Aquidauana, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rua Oscar Trindade de Barros, 740, Bairro Serraria, CEP 79200-000, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 233Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany 234Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha 4, 14220, Czech Republic 235Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, 90120, Mexico 236Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET), FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina 237Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL-80-308 Gdańsk, Poland 238Forest Pathology Department, KSCSTE-Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653, India 239Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia 240Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC. Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain 241Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway 242Gothenburg Global Biodoversity Centre, P.O. Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 243Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, 673 635, India 244Department of Botany, H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine 245Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 246Research Organization for Life Sciences, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia 247The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, USA 248Medical school of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China, 727 Jingming South Road, Chenggong University Town, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China 249School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, P.R. China 250State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, P.R. China 251Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, 85748 Garching, Germany 252School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou 550003, China 253Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea 254Tropical Microbiology Research Foundation, 96/N/10, Meemanagoda Road, 10230 Pannipitiya, Sri Lanka 255School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea 256School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China 257Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science. Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia 258School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China 259Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P.R. China 260College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China 261Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China 262National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand 263Collections, Conservation and Research Division, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S DuSable Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA 264Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand 265The Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok10300, Thailand 266Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA 267Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158 China 268Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Sede Iquique, Av. Luis Emilio Recabarren 2477, Iquique, Chile 269Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice 40032, Poland 270National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Budapest 1097, Hungary 271Graduate School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 7008530, Japan 272Plant Pathology Division, Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Talawakelle 22100, Sri Lanka 273Department of Biosystems Technological Studies, Faculty of Technological Studies, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka 1969 274Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China 275Department of Botany, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Soratha Mawatha, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, 10250 276Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil 277Escuela de Biología and Herbario Luis Fournier Origgi, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical (CIBET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501- 2060, San José, Costa Rica 278Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 279Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain 280Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Neuglobsow, Germany 281Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia 282CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, P. R. China 283Laboratory of In Vitro Plant Cultures, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, Urb Ingeniería, Lima, Peru 284School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China 285Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden 286IFungiLab, Departamento de Ciências e Matemática (DCM), Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), São Paulo, SP, 01109-010, Brazil 288CIPHAM Research Center, National University of San Antonio Abad of Cusco. Av. La Cultura N° 733. Cusco, Perú 289Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA 290Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26B-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá, Colombia 291Botanischer Garten, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany 292Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada 293Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queens Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada 294Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral 1901, 66077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil 295Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Nazaré, 66055-090, Belém, PA, Brazil 296Botany Department, Postgraduate Program in Fungi, Algae and Plants Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil 297División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto. CP 36050, México 298EA 4489 LGCgE (Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement), Univ Lille, F-59000 Lille, France 299Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA 300Institute for Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary 301Plant Diseases Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 1985813111, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran 302Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Piripiri, Pi, 64260-000, Brazil 303School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243002, China 304Federal University of Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Biology of Fungi, Algae and Plants, Florianópoli, Brazil 305Natural Science Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines 306Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 307Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 308Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE - CONICET). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Sgto Cabral 2131, CC. 209, CP 3400. Corrientes, Argentina 309Naturalis Biodiversity Centre; P.O. Box 9517; 2300 RA; Leiden; The Netherlands; private address Ronsseweg 726, 2803wz Gouda, The Netherlands. 310Laboratorio de Geología de Llanuras (CICYTTP-FCYT), Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Gobierno de la Provincia de Entre Ríos - Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos), España 149, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina 311Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, 2612, Australia 312Competence Division for Plants and Plant Products, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland 313Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain 1970 314Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Laboratorio de Micología, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209 - CP 3400, Corrientes, Argentina 315Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202301, Taiwan 316Department of Botany, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi út 29-43, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary 317Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland 318Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil 319School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea 320Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Edafologia, Texcoco 56230, Mexico 321Department of Mycology, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Claudio Moyano 1, 28014, Madrid, Spain 322National Collection of Agricultural and Industrial Microorganisms, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Hungary 323BioISI – Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal 324Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Secretaria de Meio Ambiente, Infraestrutura e Logística, São Paulo, Brazil 325Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA 326Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain 327Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA 328Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Biology, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany 329Department of Plant Protection, Mycology Lab, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Golestan-Gorgan, Iran 330Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahe, Union Territory of Pondicherry, 673 311, India 331National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Fungi) Group, MACS Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411 004, Maharashtra, India 332Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway 333University of Bayreuth, Dept. of Mycology, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany 334International Training Centre for Environmental Research (ITCER), Ng'iya, Kogelo Rd., PO Box 300, 40600 Siaya, Kenya 335Universiteì Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, 74200 Thonon les Bains, France 336School of Pharmacy, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550081, China 337Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Medical Resourceful Healthcare Products, Guiyang Healthcare Vocational University, Guiyang 550081, China 338Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, CONICET, Córdoba Argentina 339Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia 340Systematic Biology program, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala 341Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway, P.B. 1066 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway 342Fundación Miguel Lillo, Instituto Criptogámico-Sección Micología, Miguel Lillo 251, (4000) San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina 343Postgraduate Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, 440001, MH, India 344Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain 345Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden 346Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry-605014, India 347Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409, Tartu, Estonia 348Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA 349Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow–226007, India 350State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D-76133 Germany 351Italian Antarctic National Museum (MNA), Mycological Section, Genoa, Italy 352Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Sciences and Arts Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 40200, Kırsehir, Turkiye 353Innovative Institute for Plant Health/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China 354Master Program for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan 355Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA 356Centre of Advanced Study (CAS) in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 1971 357Instituto de Bioprospeccíon y Fisiología Vegetal-INBIOFIV (CONICET-UNT), San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán 4000, Tucumán, Argentina 358Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China 359University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), European Diamond Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany 360Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Herderstrasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany 361German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn - Cologne, Herderstrasse 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany 362Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA 363Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany 364Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, China 365National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand 366Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People’s Republic of China 367Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 368Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 369Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan 370Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo‑cho3, Hirosaki, Aomori 035‑8561, Japan 371School of Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong, P.R. China 372Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Biopharmaceutical Resource of National Education Ministry of China, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China 373Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada 374Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom 375Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010 376Mycology and Microbiology Center, University of Tartu, 40409 Tartu, Estonia 377Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China 378Guizhou Key Labratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, People's Republic of China 379Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China 380Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden 381Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Czechia 382Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, Auckland 1072, New Zealand 383Federal Scientific Center of East Asian Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 100th anniversary of Vladivostok Avenue, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia 384Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China 385Department of Biology, Francisk Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja str. 104, 246028 Gomel, Belarus 386Department of General and Bioorganic Chemistry, Gomel State Medical University, Lange str. 5, 246000 Gomel, Belarus 387Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada 388Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, 8 Dragan Zankov, Blvd., BG-1164, Sofia, Bulgaria 389Dept. of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology. Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Spain 390Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 Turku, Finland 391Ascomycete.org, 13 chemin du Bois Ponard, 69160 Tassin-la-Demi-Lune, France 392Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico 393Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, 141004, India 394Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Brasília, 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil 395Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 25 - 10125 Torino, Italy 396Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada 397Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, 50300, Sri Lanka 1972 398Laboratory no. 14, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur - 302004, Rajasthan, India 399Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University. Tianjin 300071, China 400National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantane Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka 401College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150080, China Hyde KD, Abdel-Wahab MA, Abdollahzadeh J, Abeywickrama PD, Absalan S, Afshari N, Ainsworth AM, Akulov OY, Aleoshin VV, Al-Sadi AM, Alvarado P, Alves A, Alves-Silva G, Amalfi M, Amira Y, Amuhenage TB, Anderson J, Antonín V, Aouali S, Aptroot A, Apurillo CCS, Araújo JPM, Ariyawansa HA, Armand A, Arumugam E, Asghari R, Assis DMA, Atienza V, Avasthi S, Azevedo E, Bahkali AH, Bakhshi M, Banihashemi Z, Bao DF, Baral HO, Barata M, Barbosa F, Barbosa RN, Barreto RW, Baschien C, Belamesiatseva DB, Bennett Reuel M, Bera I, Bezerra JDP, Bezerra JL, Bhat DJ, Bhunjun CS, Bianchinotti MV, Błaszkowski J, Blondelle A, Boekhout T, Bonito G, Boonmee S, Boonyuen N, Bregant C, Buchanan P, Bundhun D, Burgaud G, Burgess T, Buyck B, Cabarroi-Hernández M, Cáceres MES, Caeiro MF, Cai L, Cai MF, Calabon MS, Calaça FJS, Callalli M, Camara MPS, Cano-Lira JF, Cantillo T, Cao B, Carlavilla JR, Carvalho A, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Castlebury L, Castro-Jauregui O, Catania MDV, Cavalcanti LH, Cazabonne J, Cedeño-Sanchez ML, Chaharmiri-Dokhaharani S, Chaiwan N, Chakraborty N, Chaverri P, Cheewangkoon R, Chen C, Chen CY, Chen KH, Chen J, Chen Q, Chen WH, Chen YP, Chethana KWT, Coleine C, Condé TO, Corazon-Guivin MA, Cortés-Pérez A, Costa-Rezende DH, Courtecuisse R, Crouch JA, Crous PW, Cui BK, Cui YY, da Silva DKA, da Silva GA, da Silva IR, da Silva RMF, da Silva Santos AC, Dai DQ, Dai YC, Damm U, Darmostuk V, Daroodi Zoha, Das K, Das K, Davoodian N, Davydov EA, Dayarathne MC, Decock C, de Groot MD, De Kesel A, dela Cruz TEE, De Lange R, Delgado G, Denchev CM, Denchev TT, de Oliveira NT, de Silva NI, de Souza FA, Dentinger B, Devadatha B, Dianese JC, Dima B, Diniz AG, Dissanayake AJ, Dissanayake LS, Doğan HH, Doilom M, Dolatabadi S, Dong W, Dong ZY, Dos Santos LA, Drechsler-Santos ER, Du TY, Dubey MK, Dutta AK, Egidi E, Elliott TF, Elshahed MS, Erdoğdu M, Ertz D, Etayo J, Evans HC, Fan XL, Fan YG, Fedosova AG, Fell J, Fernandes I, Firmino AL, Fiuza PO, Flakus A, Fragoso de Souza CA, Frisvad JC, Fryar SC, Gabaldón T, Gajanayake AJ, Galindo LJ, Gannibal PB, García D, García-Sandoval SR, Garrido-Benavent I, Garzoli L, Gautam AK, Ge ZW, Gené DJ, Gentekaki E, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Góes-Neto A, Gomdola D, Gomes de Farias AR, Gorjón SP, Goto BT, Granados-Montero MM, Griffith GW, Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M, Grossart HP, Gueidan C, Gunarathne A, Gunaseelan S, Gusmão LFP, Gutierrez AC, Guzmán- Dávalos L, Haelewaters D, Halling R, Han YF, Hapuarachchi KK, Harder CB, Harrington TC, Hattori T, He MQ, He S, He SH, Healy R, Herández-Restrepo M, Heredia G, Hodge KT, Holgado- Rojas M, Hongsanan S, Horak E, Hosoya T, Houbraken J, Huang SK, Huanraluek N, Hur JS, Hurdeal VG, Hustad VP, Iotti M, Iturriaga T, Jafar E, Janik P, Jayalal RGU, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Jeewon R, Jerônimo GH, Jesus AL, Jin J, Johnston PR, Jones EBG, Joshi Y, Justo A, Kaishian P, Kakishima M, Kaliyaperumal M, Kang GP, Kang JC, Karimi O, Karpov SA, Karunarathna SC, Kaufmann M, Kemler M, Kezo K, Khyaju S, Kirchmair M, Kirk PM, Kitaura MJ, Klawonn I, Kolarik M, Kong A, Kuhar F, Kukwa M, Kumar S, Kušan I, Lado C, Larsson KH, Latha KPD, Lee HB, Leonardi M, Leontyev DL, Lestari AS, Li CJY, Li DW, Li H, Li HY, Li L, Li QR, Li WL, Li Y, Li YC, Liao CF, Liimatainen K, Lim YW, Lin CG, Linaldeddu BT, Linde CC, Linn MM, Liu F, Liu JK, Liu NG, Liu S, Liu SL, Liu XF, Liu XY, Liu XZ, Liu ZB, Lu L, Lu YZ, Luangharn T, Luangsa- ard JJ, Lumbsch HT, Lumyong S, Luo L, Luo M, Luo ZL, Ma J, Machado AR, Madagammana AD, Madrid H, Magurno F, Magyar D, Mahadevan N, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Maimaiti Y, Malosso E, Manamgoda DS, Manawasinghe IS, Mapook A, Marasinghe DS, Mardones M, Marin-Felix Y, Márquez R, Masigol H, Matočec N, May T, McKenzie EHC, Meiras-Ottoni A, Melo RFR, Mendes ARL, Mendieta S, Meng QF, Menkis A, Menolli N Jr, Mešić A, Meza Calvo JG, Mikhailov KV, Miller SL, Moncada B, Moncalvo JM, Monteiro JS, Monteiro M, Mora-Montes HM, Moreau PA, Mueller GM, Mukhopadyay S, Murugadoss R, Nagy LG, Najafiniya M, Nanayakkara CM, Nascimento CC, Nei Y, Neves MA, Neuhauser S, Niego AGT, Nilsson RH, Niskanen T, Niveiro N, Noorabadi MT, Noordeloos ME, Norphanphoun C, Nuñez Otaño NB, O’Donnell RP, Oehl F, 1973 Olariaga I, Orlando FP, Pang KL, Papp V, Pawłowska J, Peintner U, Pem D, Pereira OL, Perera RH, Perez-Moreno J, Perez-Ortega S, Péter G, Phillips AJL, Phonemany M, Phukhamsakda, Phutthacharoen K, Piepenbring M, Pires-Zottarelli CLA, Poinar G, Pošta A, Prieto M, Promputtha I, Quandt CA, Radek R, Rahnama K, Raj KNA, Rajeshkumar KC, Rämä T, Rambold G, Ramírez-Cruz V, Rasconi S, Rathnayaka AR, Raza M, Ren GC, Robledo GL, Rodriguez-Flakus P, Ronikier A, Rossi W, Ryberg M, Ryvarden LR, Salvador‑Montoya CA, Samant B, Samarakoon BC, Samarakoon MC, Sánchez-Castro I, Sánchez-García M, Sandoval-Denis M, Santiago ALCMA, Santamaria B, Santos ACS, Sarma VV, Savchenko A, Savchenko K, Saxena RK, Scholler M, Schoutteten N, Seifollahi E, Selbmann L, Selcuk F, Senanayake IC, Shabashova TG, Shen HW, Shen YM, Silva- Filho AGS, Simmons DR, Singh R, Sir EB, Song Chang-Ge, Souza-Motta CM Sruthi OP, Stadler M, Stchigel AM, Stemler J, Stephenson SL, Strassert JFH, Su HL Su L, Suetrong S, Sulistyo B, Sun YF, Sun YR, Svantesson Sten, Sysouphanthong P, Takamatsu S, Tan TH, Tanaka K, Tang AMC, Tang X, Tanney JB, Tavakol NM, Taylor JE, Taylor PWJ, Tedersoo L, Tennakoon DS, Thamodini GK, Thines M, Thiyagaraja V, Thongklang N, Tiago PV, Tian Q, Tian WH, Tibell L, Tibell S, Tibpromma S, Tkalčec Z, Tomšovský M, Toome-Heller M, Torruella G, Tsurykau A, Udayanga D, Ulukapi M, Untereiner WA, Uzunov BA, Valle LG, Van Caenegem W, Van den Wyngaert S, Van Vooren N, Velez P, Verma RK, Vieira LC, Vieira WAS, Vizzini A, Walker A, Walker AK, Wanasinghe DN, Wang CG, Wang K, Wang SX, Wang XY, Wang Y, Wannasawang N, Wartchow F, Wei DP, Wei XL, White JF, Wijayawardene NN, Wijesinghe SN, Wijesundara DSA, Wisitrassameewong K, Worthy FR, Wu F, Wu G, Wu HX, Wu N, Wu WP, Wurzbacher C, Xiao YP, Xiong YR, Xu LJ, Xu R, Xu RF, Xu RJ, Xu TM, Yakovchenko L, Yan JY, Yang H, Yang J, Yang ZL, Yang YH,Yapa N, Yasanthika E, Youssef NH, Yu FM, Yu Q, fD, Yu YX, Yu ZF, Yuan HS, Yuan Y, Yurkov A, Zafari D, Zamora JC, Zare R, Zeng M, Zeng NK, Zeng XY, Zhang F, Zhang H, Zhang JF, Zhang JY, Zhang QY, Zhang SN, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang YX, Zhao CL, Zhao H, Zhao Q, Zhao RL, Zhou LW, Zhou M, Zhurbenko MP, Zin HH, Zucconi L 2023 – Global consortium for the classification of fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 14(1), 1960–2012, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/14/1/23 Abstract The Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa is an international initiative of more than 550 mycologists to develop an electronic structure for the classification of these organisms. The members of the Consortium originate from 55 countries/regions worldwide, from a wide range of disciplines, and include senior, mid-career and early-career mycologists and plant pathologists. The Consortium will publish a biannual update of the Outline of Fungi and fungus- like taxa, to act as an international scheme for other scientists. Notes on all newly published taxa at or above the level of species will be prepared and published online on the Outline of Fungi website (https://www.outlineoffungi.org/), and these will be finally published in the biannual edition of the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Comments on recent important taxonomic opinions on controversial topics will be included in the biannual outline. For example, ‘to promote a more stable taxonomy in Fusarium given the divergences over its generic delimitation’, or ‘are there too many genera in the Boletales?’ and even more importantly, ‘what should be done with the tremendously diverse ‘dark fungal taxa?’ There are undeniable differences in mycologists’ perceptions and opinions regarding species classification as well as the establishment of new species. Given the pluralistic nature of fungal taxonomy and its implications for species concepts and the nature of species, this consortium aims to provide a platform to better refine and stabilise fungal classification, taking into consideration views from different parties. In the future, a confidential voting system will be set up to gauge the opinions of all mycologists in the Consortium on important topics. The results of such surveys will be presented to the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF) and the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF) with opinions and percentages of votes for and against. Criticisms based on scientific evidence with regards to nomenclature, classifications, and taxonomic concepts will be welcomed, and any recommendations on specific taxonomic issues will also be encouraged; however, we will encourage professionally and ethically responsible criticisms https://www.outlineoffungi.org/ 1974 of others’ work. This biannual ongoing project will provide an outlet for advances in various topics of fungal classification, nomenclature, and taxonomic concepts and lead to a community-agreed classification scheme for the fungi and fungus-like taxa. Interested parties should contact the lead author if they would like to be involved in future outlines. Keywords – classification – nomenclature – scientific criticism – taxonomy Introduction The series Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa (including fossil fungi) commenced with its first publication in 2020, has garnered over 450 citations to date, and is proving to be a very important publication in fungal classification. Since the inaugural outline by Wijayawardene et al. (2020a), we have strived to improve the effectiveness and accuracy of the outline, and this resulted in an updated 2022 outline (Wijayawardene et al. 2022a) featuring contributions from 57 authors. Nevertheless, worldwide participation was not sufficient to overcome arguments that the outline was not representative of most mycologists. Therefore, in 2022, we launched the Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa and its associated webpage, outlineoffungi.org, and invited numerous interested parties from around the world to form an internationally representative consortium. In this paper, we have more than 550 members representing 55 countries with a range of disciplines, providing a balanced participation in the Global Consortium for the Classification of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. As the project progresses, we will publish the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa biannually, with notes on new taxa at or above the level of species. Along with the updated classification scheme for fungi and fungus-like taxa, any notes, critiques, or remarks on controversial topics, especially those pertaining to taxonomy and the establishment of novel taxa, will also be included. Where possible, we will provide appropriate parties with opposing arguments or any clarifications on these topics. Given the dynamic nature of fungal taxonomy as a field of study, it undergoes frequent updates and revisions as new data is acquired from various disciplines such as biochemistry, ecology, evolution, genomics, genetics, morphology, metabolomics, transcriptomics, phylogenetics, physiology, and proteomics. These advancements contribute to the modification of classification and taxonomic concepts at different taxonomic hierarchy. Therefore, it is essential to publish an Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa biannually to stay up-to-date on the changes and provide a universal platform to discuss controversial topics. Values and numbers of fungi The estimation of fungal species ranges from 1 to 11 million, depending on the criteria employed by various researchers (Hyde et al. 2020a). Among these estimates, Hawksworth & Lücking (2017) have proposed a potentially more accurate range of 2.3 to 3.8 million species. In 2022, the journal Fungal Diversity published a special issue on the numbers of fungi with nine papers dealing with different taxonomic groups (e.g., Ascomycota, Basidiomycota – He et al. 2022a, Wijayawardene et al. 2022b, Yeasts – Boekhout et al. 2022). High-throughput sequencing approaches yielded the highest estimates (OTUs; Baldrian et al. 2022). In the editorial of that special issue, Hyde (2022) had planned to provide a more accurate estimate following these various reviews; however, in the end, this editorial was only able to propose prospective research needed to accomplish better estimates of total fungal numbers. While the discussion of fungal species numbers is still ongoing, the value of fungi is, however, indisputable with both beneficial and negative impacts. In terms of forest health, Niego et al. (2023a) showed how important and undervalued fungi are. They placed the value of fungi at USD 54.61 trillion annually and reported numerous benefits that fungi provide (e.g., food, industrial products, and novel drug discovery) (Niego et al. 2023b). Although any such appraisal has yet to be perfected, the data of Niego et al. (2023b) serves as an important baseline. The cumulative negative roles of fungi for humans, agriculture, and the environment have not been fully considered by Niego et al. (2023b). However, various studies show that human fungal infections are a global concern, causing ~1.7 million deaths annually. Growers worldwide experience losses of 10% to 23% of their crops https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_11_1_8-1.pdf https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_11_1_8-1.pdf https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-020-00458-2 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752818/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752818/ https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1718438/FULLTEXT01.pdfTest https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359200837_Forecasting_the_number_of_species_of_asexually_reproducing_fungi_Ascomycota_and_Basidiomycota https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-021-00494-6 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349453497_High-throughput_sequencing_view_on_the_magnitude_of_global_fungal_diversity https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00507-y https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00507-y https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1749461322000525 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-023-00520-9 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-023-00520-9 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-023-00520-9 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-023-00520-9 1975 due to fungal infections each year, with an additional 10-20% lost during post-harvest (Stukenbrock & Gurr 2023). Though having great monetary value despite difficulties in quantitatively estimating fungal populations, the framework of the Fungi and fungus-like taxa will give scientists a much- needed categorization model to work from. History of fungal classification The history of fungal classification systems dates back to the late 18th and the first third of the 19th century and connects with the writings of Persoon (1794, 1801, 1822–1828), Nees von Esenbeck (1817), Fries (1821–1832, 1825, 1835, 1836–1838, 1849), and Link (1833). Those systems were based on the external characters and morphology of the fruit-bodies, characters of hymenophore, and the place and mode of spore formation. By the mid-19th century, the knowledge pertaining to the classification and hierarchy of taxa in the field of mycology was not uniformly established and exhibited discrepancies between different authors. However, throughout this period, significant progress had been made in identifying and categorizing major fungal groupings, including hymenomycetes, discomycetes, pyrenomycetes, and gasteromycetes. The most important books of those times that made significant contributions to fungal classification include ‘Synopsis methodica fungorum’ (Persoon 1801), ‘Systema mycologicum’ with additional ‘Index’ and ‘Elenchus fungorum’ (Fries 1821–1832), not only because they were a base for subsequent fungal classifications and systems (e.g., Bonorden 1851, Gillet 1879–1887), as well as regional checklists (e.g., Berkeley 1860, Fuckel 1860, Crouan & Crouan 1867, Cooke 1871, Bernard 1882, Karsten 1871–1879, Quélet 1886, Phillips 1887), but also because of their influence on contemporary nomenclature of fungi. For a considerable period, they served as a starting point for fungal nomenclature up to the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2018) and are now treated as sanctioning works (Turland et al. 2018). The next major step in fungal classification was a series of twenty-five volumes, the ‘Sylloge Fungorum’, led by P.A. Saccardo (1882-1931). Among these publications, the significance of Saccardo & Sydow’s work in 1899 lies in their use of distinct terminology regarding conidial fungi, i.e., deuteromycetes, along with other ranks for fungi and fungus-like taxa. Meanwhile, novel systematics based on minutious microscopical observations were proposed for hymenomycetes by Fayod (1889) and Patouillard (1900), and for discomycetes by Boudier (1907). Subsequent studies by Ainsworth (1966) and Moore (1971) introduced, respectively, Deuteromycotina and Deuteromycota to accommodate conidial fungi. Ainsworth (1966) made some of the most important compilations on the classification of fungi. The subsequent series Systema Ascomycetum (Eriksson 1982, Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998), which was conceived by Eriksson & Hawksworth (1998), can be considered as the foundation of compilations of fungal names, particularly when it comes to genera of Ascomycota. In addition to this series, several issues were published exclusively on the classification of ascomycetous taxa (i.e., Eriksson & Hawksworth 1998). Since 1997, Myconet has been published as hard copies and online (http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/printed.asp) (Lumbsch & Huhndorf 2007). Nonetheless, all these efforts have focused on sexually typified genera and their classification, i.e., prior to the use of DNA sequences for fungal taxonomy and classification based on phylogenetic reconstructions. Hyde et al. (2011) were the first to attempt to list all asexually typified genera in a natural classification. However, Kirk et al. (2008) (i.e., The Dictionary of Fungi) also provided higher-level classifications of asexually typified genera, but in their classification, they listed them alphabetically. Subsequent publications by Wijayawardene et al. (2012, 2017) provided the current classification of asexually typified genera, and Wijayawardene et al. (2021) compiled the classification of asexually typified genera with notes on pleomorphic genera. Since the paper of White et al. (1990), molecular biology techniques have widely been used in mycology, and thus, taxonomists have started to use DNA sequences in taxonomy and classification (Chethana et al. 2021). With these implementations, the dual nomenclature (e.g., Saccardo 1904) was abandoned and the ‘one fungus, one name’ concept for pleomorphic taxa was implemented (McNeill et al. 2011). Thus, maintaining separate classification systems for asexually typified genera was redundant, and all genera were incorporated into a natural classification. Wijayawardene et al. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37130937/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37130937/ https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php https://www.gbif.org/species/95 https://www.gbif.org/species/95 https://www.gbif.org/species/95 http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/printed.asp https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/18941488/notes-on-ascomycete-systematics-nos-4408-4750-myconet-13-59 https://mycosphere.org/pdf/MC2_1_No1.pdf https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/09504120910969104/full/html https://mycosphere.org/pdf/MC2_1_No1.pdf https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_8_9_10.pdf https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_12_1_4.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262687766_Amplification_and_Direct_Sequencing_of_Fungal_Ribosomal_RNA_Genes_for_Phylogenetics https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-021-00483-9 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256078954_International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae_fungi_and_plants_Melbourne_Code_adopted_by_the_Eighteenth_International_Botanical_Congress_Melbourne_Australia_July_2011 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256078954_International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae_fungi_and_plants_Melbourne_Code_adopted_by_the_Eighteenth_International_Botanical_Congress_Melbourne_Australia_July_2011 https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_11_1_8-1.pdf 1976 (2020a) compiled both sexually typified and asexually typified genera into one classification. At the same time, the authors recognized the importance and necessity of developing and maintaining a continuously updated webpage based on new publications and new concepts or ideas. Hence, Wijayawardene et al. (2020a) introduced ‘outlineoffungi.org’, which provides the classification of the kingdom Fungi. The website is currently being updated based on new studies and publications. Operation of Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa With the advent of molecular techniques, fungal taxonomy and classification have undergone a revolution (Ullah et al. 2022). Thus, the availability and accessibility of data to the end user are critical (Durkin et al. 2020). In the past decade, numerous databases have been established that provide easy access to fungal data (Jayasiri et al. 2015, Prakash et al. 2017, Nilsson et al. 2019, Põlme et al. 2020, Zanne et al. 2020, Ullah et al. 2022, Zhou & May 2022). Some databases are restricted to molecular, morphological, or ecological data (Nilsson et al. 2019, Ullah et al. 2022, Zhou & May 2022), while others are designed for specific fungal groups. They also mainly deal with taxonomy, such as https://marinefungi.org/ (Jones et al. 2019), www.freshwaterfungi.org (Calabon et al. 2020), https://gmsmicrofungi.org (deals with microfungi from the Greater Mekong Subregion; Chaiwan et al. 2021), theyeasts.org (yeasts), https://eumycetozoa.com (fungus-like taxa such as Myxomycetes, Dictyosteliomycetes and Protosteliomycetes; Lado 2005–2023), https://invertebratefungi.org/ (invertebrate-associated fungi and fungus-like taxa; Wei et al. 2022), https://botryosphaeriales.org (Wu et al. 2021) and https://www.fusarium.org/ (commonly referred to as FUSARIOID ID database that deals with Fusarium and fusarium-like genera, primarily for DNA-based identification and taxonomy). The classification of fungi is constantly and inevitably changing due to the discovery of new taxa, the use of novel DNA based techniques to better understand relationships, and the incorporation of more DNA sequences from multigenes and increasingly whole genome datasets to reanalyse existing classification schemes. Sometimes databases may also become obsolete over time (Prakash et al. 2017) often due to a lack of curation. Many taxonomic studies tend to overlook important features, such as ecology, which are crucial sources of information for fungal identification and biological conservation (Durkin et al. 2020). Where possible, this type of information should be made available. The registration of new taxa, combinations, and typifications in one of the three taxonomic repositories, Index Fungorum, MycoBank (Crous et al. 2004), and Fungal Names (https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames) is a condition of validity of these operations (May 2017, May et al. 2019, art. 5.F) and as they are linked to the other repositories, they are constantly being updated. Subsequently, the Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa database will provide a biannual update on new information, which will be curated by members of the consortium. The cross-database communications will help to identify and fill gaps, increase the discovery of, and improve the focus on genetic, ecological, and evolutionary information (Zanne et al. 2020). Thus, we expect to derive a stable classification of the Fungi and fungus-like taxa over time (Lado & Eliasson 2022). Notes on problems with classifications, nomenclature and taxonomic concepts The Outline of Fungi online database presented here will provide updated information on taxonomic changes in the notes part. Newly introduced taxa will be assigned to curators by the head curators. A note for newly introduced genera and higher-level taxa will be provided, which includes the current classification, synonyms, morphological characters, habitat, host, lifestyle, molecular evidence, phylogenetic placement, and current issues in the classification and nomenclature, including controversial topics. The curators will write notes on their expertise, which will be corrected and edited by the head curator. The author(s) of the original paper, where the genera or higher-level taxa were introduced, will not usually write the entry to avoid partiality. The notes will be linked to the repositories Index Fungorum, MycoBank, and Fungal Names. Furthermore, the fungal names will be linked to relevant databases such as coelomycetes (https://www.coelomycetes.org; Huanraluek et al. 2021), Dothideomycetes (https://dothideomycetes.org/, Pem et al. 2019), Faces of Fungi (http://www.facesoffungi.org; https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_11_1_8-1.pdf https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_11_1_8-1.pdf https://www.iomcworld.org/articles/fdbc-a-comprehensive-platform-of-the-fungi-databases-collection.pdf https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/56691/ https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/18404 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28179406/ https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/D1/D259/5146189?login=true https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/D1/D259/5146189?login=true https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/D1/D259/5146189?login=true https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12570 https://www.iomcworld.org/articles/fdbc-a-comprehensive-platform-of-the-fungi-databases-collection.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21501203.2022.2103194 https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/D1/D259/5146189?login=true https://www.iomcworld.org/articles/fdbc-a-comprehensive-platform-of-the-fungi-databases-collection.pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21501203.2022.2103194 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21501203.2022.2103194 https://marinefungi.org/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-019-00426-5 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344506747_wwwfreshwaterfungiorg_an_online_platform_for_the_taxonomic_classification_of_freshwater_fungi https://gmsmicrofungi.org/ https://gmsmicrofungi.org/ https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_12_1_19-1.pdf https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_12_1_19-1.pdf https://theyeasts.org/ https://eumycetozoa.com/ https://eumycetozoa.com/data/index.php https://eumycetozoa.com/data/index.php https://eumycetozoa.com/data/index.php https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35363307/ https://academic.oup.com/database/article/doi/10.1093/database/baab061/6397508?login=true https://www.fusarium.org/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28179406/ https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/56691/ https://wi.knaw.nl/images/ResearchGroups/Phytopathology/pdf/PDF%20OP%20NUMMER/203.pdf https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493534/ https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43008-019-0019-1 https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43008-019-0019-1 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12570 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824281-0.00005-1 https://asianjournalofmycology.org/pdf/AJOM_4_2_8_.pdf https://dothideomycetes.org/ https://asianjournalofmycology.org/pdf/AJOM_2_1_19-1.pdf 1977 Jayasiri et al. 2015), Freshwater fungi (http://fungi.life.illinois.edu/; Calabon et al. 2020), Genera of Fungi (https://fungalgenera.org/), Lichenicolous fungi (http://www.lichenicolous.net/), Macrofungi (https://nmdc.cn/macrofungi/; He et al. 2022b), Marine fungi (https://marinefungi.org/; Jones et al. 2019), One stop shop to genera of phytopathogens (https://onestopshopfungi.org/; Jayawardena et al. 2019), fungus-like taxa (https://eumycetozoa.com/; Lado 2005–2023), Sordariomycetes (https://sordariomycetes.org/, Bundhun et al. 2020), theyeasts.org and UNITE (https://unite.ut.ee/; Nilsson et al. 2019). The online preprint of notes will be sent to the corresponding curator for final approval before the notes are posted on the outline webpage periodically as new taxa are published. All the notes and the new classification will be published biannually in the ‘Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa’ towards the end of the following year. While new genera and higher-level taxa introduced in the preceding year are easy to determine and include in the biannual outline, it is difficult to trace changes in the classifications that are published in papers that do not include new taxa. This problem has also been encountered on other webpages, such as Index Fungorum (P. Kirk, personal communication). It can be reduced by the participation of more than 500 curators who are experts on various groups of fungi and can provide an updated classification of their expert group. However, it is unlikely that even with more than 500 curators, the whole spectrum of fungi can be curated adequately. Therefore, alongside the Outline, a database Fungalpedia (Hyde et al. in press) will, over time, provide up-to-date notes on all genera of fungi so that the classification can also be updated. If there is a major disagreement in any classification, both sides of the disagreement will be encouraged to present entries in the outline justifying their opinion. The links to the entries in Fungalpedia will be added to the entry in the master file of the outline. Thus, this database will act as a user-friendly and informative platform that directs and allows users to browse and retrieve all the relevant updated information. Use of molecular and evolutionary data to improve fungal classification The classification of fungal species has historically relied heavily on the study of morphology (Taylor et al. 2000, Hyde et al. 2010). In fact, the initial investigations into fungal diversity were primarily conducted through field observations of macro- and micro-morphological characteristics (Truong et al. 2017, Cazabonne et al. 2022), establishing morphology as a fundamental aspect of early fungal diversity studies. However, morphology alone can lead to misidentifications due to overlapping structural characters shown by fungi (Hyde et al. 2009, Marin-Felix et al. 2020, Bhunjun et al. 2021b, Senanayake et al. 2022). Several studies have demonstrated that morphological crypsis masks the true diversity of taxa, whereas circumscriptions based on molecular data often reveal the presence of distinct lineages (Hyde et al. 2009, Manamgoda et al. 2014, Haelewaters et al. 2022, Leontyev et al. 2023a). On the other hand, one particular phylogenetically circumscribed species can also exhibit phenotypic plasticity which ultimately can result in categorizing taxon below species level (Van Caenegem et al. 2023). Accurate species identification is crucial to more accurately estimate the number of species, considering that the kingdom Fungi comprises, perhaps, 2.3–3.8 million species, but only about 156,000 of these have been properly named and classified (Hawksworth & Lücking 2017, Hyde et al. 2020a, Bhunjun et al. 2022, 2023, Phukhamsakda et al. 2022). Accurate species identification is also important to take necessary actions for effective plant disease control, quarantine measures, medical and veterinary mycology treatment (Opathy & Gabaldón 2019, Bhunjun et al. 2021a, Jayawardena et al. 2021a, b), biotech industry and patenting, agro-food industries (both in terms of spoilage and technological fungi), product authorisation (EFSA 2021), as well as for species conservation. Accurate species identification is a fundamental requirement for the comprehensive assessment of various aspects pertaining to specific fungal species, such as their geographic distribution, population dynamics, habitat preferences, and ecological interactions. These crucial criteria are employed to further evaluate the potential threats faced by these species and determine their conservation status. However, the process of identifying fungal species and individuals is often impeded by various challenges, thereby hindering the accurate evaluation of these aforementioned factors (Dahlberg & Mueller 2011, Mueller et al. 2022). https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/18404 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344506747_wwwfreshwaterfungiorg_an_online_platform_for_the_taxonomic_classification_of_freshwater_fungi https://fungalgenera.org/ http://www.lichenicolous.net/ https://nmdc.cn/fungalnames/; https://manu40.magtech.com.cn/Jwxb/EN/Y2022/V41/I6/899 https://marinefungi.org/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-019-00426-5 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-019-00426-5 https://onestopshopfungi.org/ https://asianjournalofmycology.org/pdf/AJOM_2_1_18.pdf https://asianjournalofmycology.org/pdf/AJOM_2_1_18.pdf https://eumycetozoa.com/ https://eumycetozoa.com/data/index.php https://eumycetozoa.com/data/index.php https://eumycetozoa.com/data/index.php https://sordariomycetes.org/ https://asianjournalofmycology.org/pdf/AJOM_3_1_2.pdf https://theyeasts.org/ https://unite.ut.ee/ https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/47/D1/D259/5146189?login=true https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11118132/ https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2010/00000114/00000001/art00055?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.14509 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffunb.2022.860777/full https://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/FD39-1-E.pdf https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1430 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350053831_Investigating_species_boundaries_in_Colletotrichum https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350053831_Investigating_species_boundaries_in_Colletotrichum https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00498-w https://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/FD39-1-E.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2014.10.002 https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01H03BC52GW4C0M8PSFEJ4KEYW https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36399690/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37589548/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28752818/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-020-00458-2 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00501-4 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369268788_Do_all_fungi_have_ancestors_with_endophytic_lifestyles https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00502-3 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-022-00502-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158289/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31158289/ https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/9/1096 https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/MYCOSPHERE_12_1_7.pdf https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-021-00484-8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232414919_Applying_IUCN_red-listing_criteria_for_assessing_and_reporting_on_the_conservation_status_of_fungal_species https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/14/9/736 1978 Molecular studies have enhanced the way in which fungal species are defined and identified, clarifying inter- and intra-species phylogenetic relationships and correcting taxonomical errors arising from the phenotypic classification and identification methods used in the past. For this reason, the long-held convention of fungal species having two or more valid names for their teleomorph (sexual) and anamorph (asexual) states was abandoned in 2013 (Hawksworth et al. 2011). Moreover, advances in DNA based techniques and analyses revealed extensive genetic variation within species, leading to the description of new species (Kidd et al. 2023). The ITS region is often considered to include the whole ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment of the ribosomal DNA and is the universal barcode marker for fungi, and it is commonly used to identify taxa to genus level in the case of speciose genera (Schoch et al. 2012, Bhunjun et al. 2021b); however, this is not the case with, e.g., within some groups of rust fungi (Pucciniales) (Ebinghaus et al. 2022, 2023a,b) or fungus-like protists (Leontyev & Schnittler 2022). For some fungal groupings, high levels of intragenomic variation compromise the utility of ITS. However, the introduction of the full ribosomal operon as extended fungal barcode alleviated some of these problems (Wurzbacher et al. 2019). Thus, accurate species- level identification now mainly relies on multi-gene analyses, and it is recommended to use a polyphasic approach based on multiple species recognition criteria (Simões et al. 2013, Jeewon & Hyde 2016, Bhunjun et al. 2020, Phukhamsakda et al. 2020, Chethana et al. 2021, Gannibal 2022, Haelewaters et al. 2022). Phylogenetic analyses are also the most commonly used method to infer the evolutionary relationships of fungal species based on molecular data (Laurence et al. 2014, Naranjo-Ortiz & Gabaldón 2019, Bhunjun et al. 2021b, Chethana et al. 2021, Strassert et al. 2021,, Ebinghaus et al. 2022, Su et al. 2022 García-Martín et al. 2023). Divergence time estimates (based on molecular clocks/dating) is also increasingly being used to unravel evolutionary relationships, origin and divergence of species. These analyses have also provided evidence to support the ranking of taxa (Zhao et al. 2016a, 2017, Hyde et al. 2017, Liu et al. 2017a, Guterres et al. 2018, Zhang et al. 2018b, He et al. 2019). Several studies have used divergence time estimates as additional evidence to introduce new families (Mapook et al. 2016, Phukhamsakda et al. 2016, Bhunjun et al. 2021c) and to support the ranking of taxa at higher levels (Pérez-Ortega et al. 2016, Samarakoon et al. 2016, Hyde et al. 2017, Zhao et al. 2017, Haelewaters et al. 2019). An ultrametric tree derived from divergence time estimates is also needed for analyses such as the general mixed Yule coalescent method and ancestral character state analysis (Parnmen et al. 2012, Zhao et al. 2016b, Thiyagaraja et al. 2020, Bhunjun et al. 2021b, Samarakoon et al. 2022). Coalescence methods play an important role in demarcating species as they provide a solution for incongruence among gene trees (Fujisawa & Barraclough 2013). These methods are becoming increasingly important in resolving cryptic species (Fujita et al. 2012, Fujisawa & Barraclough 2013, Sánchez-Ramírez et al. 2015, Bhunjun et al. 2021b). The use of whole genome data for classification Fungi, being one of the most diverse and speciose kingdoms, is estimated to have 2.3–3.8 million species, among which less than 10% have been identified (Blackwell 2011, Hawksworth & Lücking 2017, Baldrian et al. 2022). Several studies proposed the use of genome-wide phylogenies for species delimitation, as genome data can limit the impact caused by individual genes and produce a phylogeny that gives a snapshot of the entire genome (Fitzpatrick et al. 2006, Sobel et al. 2010, Steele & Pires 2011, Bobay & Ochman 2017, Hibbett et al. 2017, Zhao et al. 2017, Matute & Sepúlveda 2019, Xu 2020, Chethana et al. 2021, Chen et al. 2023). As this technique becomes widely used and prices become more acceptable, dedicated pipelines to facilitate genome-wide phylogenetic analyses of fungi are beginning to emerge (Kim et al. 2023). Molecular data have shown whether taxonomic groups that have been classified and named based on common morphological or phenotypic characters share a single common ancestor (i.e., monophyletic) or whether they have mixed ancestry (i.e., polyphyletic). In the case of polyphyletic genera, transferring the species that do not share a common ancestry into a more appropriate genus is clearly justified (Kidd et al. 2023). Molecular techniques, specifically multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, have become common approaches in most research studies, improving fungal taxonomy (Hibbett et al. 2007). However, https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.14 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36632423/ https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117018109 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350053831_Investigating_species_boundaries_in_Colletotrichum https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35913839/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912901/ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00275514.2023.2259417 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355081605_The_phylogeny_and_phylogenetically_based_classification_of_myxomycetes https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1755-0998.12944 https://hdl.handle.net/1822/32693 https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_11_4.pdf https://www.mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_7_11_4.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349589601_A_polyphasic_approach_to_delineate_species_in_Bipolaris https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-020-00448-4 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13225-021-00483-9 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358905