Desarrollo de sensores electroquímicos para la determinación de drogas sintéticas en fluidos biológicos y muestras de incautación
Fecha
2023-07-09
Autores
González Hernández, Jerson
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Resumen
La cantidad de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas, popularmente conocidas con términos como: drogas emergentes, drogas de diseño, drogas sintéticas o drogas recreativas, aumenta en el mercado global de las drogas cada año. El uso de nuevas tecnologías para la producción y la comercialización de las sustancias, aunado a una demanda exigente de nuevos efectos psicotrópicos más potentes, son algunos de los factores que contribuyen al incremento de una oferta más variada, así como a la cantidad de consumidores de algún tipo de psicoestimulante a nivel mundial.
A raíz del potencial demostrado de los sensores para el análisis de drogas, se desarrollaron cinco sensores electroquímicos de la siguiente manera: tres sensores basados en transductores de carbono, platino y diamante dopado con boro para la determinación de 25B-NBOMe, DMT, BZP y mCPP en fluido oral con límites de detección entre 0.15 µg/mL y 1.8 µg/mL, un sensor espectroelectroquímico de Raman para el análisis selectivo de las catinonas 4-MMC y 4-MEC en orina y en muestras de incautación (límites de detección de 6.6 µg/mL y 2.4 µg/mL para cada molécula respectivamente) y un biosensor enzimático para la cuantificación de fentanilo en muestras de orina con un límite de detección de 0.086 µg/mL y con porcentajes de recuperación entre el 92% y 100%.
El desarrollo de herramientas analíticas fiables y robustas, con la capacidad de respuesta in situ para una evaluación preliminar, contribuyen significativamente con la generación de información científica para la atención adecuada de diversas situaciones. Los sensores electroquímicos han ganado terreno en áreas como la toxicología y las ciencias forenses. Esencialmente, porque son dispositivos portátiles de fácil manipulación, altamente versátiles, con mínimos requerimientos en el tratamiento de la matriz y que necesitan cantidades muy pequeñas de muestra. Asimismo, las metodologías electroquímicas –en las que se basa la medición de los sensores– presentan excelentes parámetros de desempeño como bajos límites de detección, alta sensibilidad y muy buena precisión.
The number of new psychoactive substances, known popularly by terms such as emerging drugs, designer drugs, synthetic drugs, or recreational drugs, increases in the global drug market every year. The use of new technologies for the production and marketing of substances, along with a rigorous demand for more powerful psychotropic effects, are some of the factors that contribute to the increase in a more varied supply, as well as the number of psychostimulant consumers. Considering the potential of sensors for drug testing, five electrochemical sensors were developed as follows: three sensors based on boron-doped diamond, platinum and carbon transducers for the determination of 25B-NBOMe, DMT, BZP and mCPP in oral fluid with limits of detection in the range from 0.15 µg/mL to 1.8 µg/mL, a Raman spectroelectrochemical sensor for the selective analysis of the cathinones 4-MMC and 4-MEC in urine and seizure samples (limit of detection of 6.6 µg/mL and 2.4 µg/mL for each molecule respectively), and an enzyme biosensor for the quantification of fentanyl in urine samples with a limit of detection of 0.086 µg/mL and an accuracy of 92% and 100%. The development of reliable and robust analytical tools, with the capacity to respond in situ for a preliminary determination, contributes significantly to the generation of scientific information for the adequate addressing of diverse situations. Electrochemical sensors have gained ground in areas such as toxicology and forensic science. Essentially, they are portable devices that are user-friendly and versatile, they require minimal matrix treatment and very small amounts of samples. Likewise, electrochemical methodologies –on which the measurement of the sensors is based– have excellent performance parameters such as low detection limits, high sensitivity, and very good accuracy.
The number of new psychoactive substances, known popularly by terms such as emerging drugs, designer drugs, synthetic drugs, or recreational drugs, increases in the global drug market every year. The use of new technologies for the production and marketing of substances, along with a rigorous demand for more powerful psychotropic effects, are some of the factors that contribute to the increase in a more varied supply, as well as the number of psychostimulant consumers. Considering the potential of sensors for drug testing, five electrochemical sensors were developed as follows: three sensors based on boron-doped diamond, platinum and carbon transducers for the determination of 25B-NBOMe, DMT, BZP and mCPP in oral fluid with limits of detection in the range from 0.15 µg/mL to 1.8 µg/mL, a Raman spectroelectrochemical sensor for the selective analysis of the cathinones 4-MMC and 4-MEC in urine and seizure samples (limit of detection of 6.6 µg/mL and 2.4 µg/mL for each molecule respectively), and an enzyme biosensor for the quantification of fentanyl in urine samples with a limit of detection of 0.086 µg/mL and an accuracy of 92% and 100%. The development of reliable and robust analytical tools, with the capacity to respond in situ for a preliminary determination, contributes significantly to the generation of scientific information for the adequate addressing of diverse situations. Electrochemical sensors have gained ground in areas such as toxicology and forensic science. Essentially, they are portable devices that are user-friendly and versatile, they require minimal matrix treatment and very small amounts of samples. Likewise, electrochemical methodologies –on which the measurement of the sensors is based– have excellent performance parameters such as low detection limits, high sensitivity, and very good accuracy.