Perspectivas legales y de gestión integrada para desarrollar una propuesta de conservación del mar profundo de Costa Rica
Fecha
2024-05
Tipo
tesis de maestría
Autores
Cortés Mesén, Sofía de Jesús
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Resumen
Además de ser un planeta azul, la Tierra es un planeta profundo ubicándose su mayor extensión por debajo de los 200 m. El mar profundo es un ambiente oscuro, primordialmente frío (aunque con oasis de vida a altas temperaturas) y sujeto a presiones inigualables. Estas características han convertido a los ecosistemas de profundidad y su biodiversidad asociada en recursos únicos cuyo alcance alguna vez se consideró imposible, o incluso negada su existencia del todo. Distinguidos por una biodiversidad longeva, de madurez sexual tardía y lentos crecimientos, los ecosistemas de profundidad poseen una posición de vulnerabilidad, no contando aún con los niveles de exploración y conocimiento científico que tienen otros cuerpos dentro y fuera de nuestra órbita.
Diversos factores que van desde la propia curiosidad científica hasta la escasez de recursos vivos y no vivos, han incrementado el interés por conocer y aprovechar bienes ubicados en el mar profundo, principalmente de interés minero, petrolero y pesquero, así como de otras industrias interesadas por el acceso a recursos genéticos. Algunos Estados han tomado medidas puntuales o dirigidas a temas específicos para regular la ejecución de actividades en el mar profundo y para establecer zonas donde se vela por su protección ante impactos antropogénicos. Sin embargo, estos no necesariamente contemplan un abordaje integral de lo que implica la conservación efectiva y gestión sostenible del mar profundo.
Costa Rica cuenta con una serie de obligaciones y compromisos a nivel internacional en temas de política marina, además posee la mayor parte de su territorio en ambientes de profundidad. Más aún, se ha incrementado el conocimiento científico y el interés por conocer lo que albergan los ambientes de profundidad. Diversos actores con actual o potencial incidencia en los procesos de toma de decisión sobre el mar profundo, coinciden en que debe se debe empezar a actuar para proteger sitios clave y establecer reglas para futuras actividades. El seguimiento de una hoja de ruta apegada al principio precautorio que contemple aspectos de gobernanza, sensibilización y gestión es clave para un abordaje integrado de lo que se consideran los últimos ecosistemas prístinos del planeta.
In addition to being a blue planet, Earth is a deep planet, its greatest extent being below 200 m. The deep sea is a dark environment, primarily cold (although with oases of life at high temperatures) and subject to unmatched pressures. These characteristics have turned deep-sea ecosystems and their associated biodiversity into unique resources whose reach was once considered impossible, or even denied their existence altogether. Distinguished by long-lived biodiversity, late sexual maturity and slow growth, deep-sea ecosystems have a position of vulnerability, not yet having the levels of exploration and scientific knowledge that other bodies have inside and outside our orbit. Various factors ranging from scientific curiosity to the scarcity of living and non-living resources have increased interest in knowing and taking advantage of assets located in the deep sea, mainly of mining, oil and fishing interest, as well as other industries interested in access to genetic resources. Some States have taken specific or directed at certain issues to regulate the execution of activities in the deep sea and to establish areas where their protection from anthropogenic impacts is ensured. However, these do not necessarily contemplate a comprehensive approach to what effective conservation and sustainable management of the deep-sea entails. Costa Rica has a series of obligations and commitments at the international level on marine policy issues, and it also has most of its territory in deep environments. Furthermore, scientific knowledge and interest in knowing what deep environments contain has increased. Various actors with current or potential impact on the decision-making processes regarding the deep sea agree that action must begin to protect key sites and establish rules for future activities. Following a roadmap adhered to the precautionary principle that includes aspects of governance, awareness, and management is key to an integrated approach to what are considered the last pristine ecosystems on the planet.
In addition to being a blue planet, Earth is a deep planet, its greatest extent being below 200 m. The deep sea is a dark environment, primarily cold (although with oases of life at high temperatures) and subject to unmatched pressures. These characteristics have turned deep-sea ecosystems and their associated biodiversity into unique resources whose reach was once considered impossible, or even denied their existence altogether. Distinguished by long-lived biodiversity, late sexual maturity and slow growth, deep-sea ecosystems have a position of vulnerability, not yet having the levels of exploration and scientific knowledge that other bodies have inside and outside our orbit. Various factors ranging from scientific curiosity to the scarcity of living and non-living resources have increased interest in knowing and taking advantage of assets located in the deep sea, mainly of mining, oil and fishing interest, as well as other industries interested in access to genetic resources. Some States have taken specific or directed at certain issues to regulate the execution of activities in the deep sea and to establish areas where their protection from anthropogenic impacts is ensured. However, these do not necessarily contemplate a comprehensive approach to what effective conservation and sustainable management of the deep-sea entails. Costa Rica has a series of obligations and commitments at the international level on marine policy issues, and it also has most of its territory in deep environments. Furthermore, scientific knowledge and interest in knowing what deep environments contain has increased. Various actors with current or potential impact on the decision-making processes regarding the deep sea agree that action must begin to protect key sites and establish rules for future activities. Following a roadmap adhered to the precautionary principle that includes aspects of governance, awareness, and management is key to an integrated approach to what are considered the last pristine ecosystems on the planet.
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Palabras clave
Mar profundo, DERECHO DEL MAR, POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL, CONSERVACIÓN AMBIENTAL, DESARROLLO REGIONAL