Dinámica Familiar en Sistemas Familiares en Etapa del Ciclo Vital con Personas Adultas Mayores que Participan en el PIAM
Fecha
2023
Autores
Meza Rodríguez, Ana Estrella
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El análisis de la familia desde la perspectiva sistémica concibe a las familias como sistemas, donde un cambio en cada una de sus partes influye en todos los elementos que la conforman. Resultado del envejecimiento poblacional las familias del país han experimentado cambios sociopolíticos, culturales y demográficos por lo que, la estructura de los hogares ha cambiado. La esperanza de vida actual (2023) es de 80,3 años para ambos sexos y para el 2025 se espera llegar a 600 mil personas adultas mayores (PAM). Esto implica que las familias experimenten etapas más avanzadas de su ciclo vital familiar. Este envejecimiento poblacional es consecuencia, en parte, de las diversas políticas de salud pública que el Estado ha implementado y que, a su vez, continúa fortaleciendo para dar respuesta a la demanda poblacional. En ese sentido, se generan programas sociales en pro del mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las PAM, tal es el caso del Programa Institucional para la Persona Adulta y Adulta Mayor (PIAM) de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR). Ámbitos como la investigación educativa, específicamente, la orientación familiar, permiten analizar las dinámicas familiares de las PAM que participan en algunos de estos programas.
La pregunta de investigación planteada fue: ¿Cuál es la dinámica familiar de cuatro sistemas familiares con PAM que participan en el PIAM de la UCR? Se trabajó desde un paradigma naturalista-interpretativo, con un enfoque cualitativo y un método fenomenológico. La población participante fueron cuatro familias en la etapa de ciclo vital familiar con PAM. Las técnicas empleadas fueron la entrevista grupal en profundidad, observación no participante, genograma y diario de campo. El análisis de la información fue a través de la revisión de las categorías elaboradas a priori, así como las emergentes, utilizando el diseño de tres fases propuesto por Taylor y Bogdan (1998): descubrimiento en progreso, codificación y relativización.
En cuanto a los hallazgos la mayoría de los sistemas presentó límites difusos, las alianzas parentales fueron en temas de crianza y organización de labores domésticas. Las coaliciones se relacionaron con el manejo del poder y la jerarquía de los miembros, en cuyo caso la mayoría de los sistemas depositó el poder en un solo integrante. Dos familias tenían mayor tendencia a las reglas implícitas y las otras dos tenían presencia de ambas reglas. Dos sistemas presentaron flexibilidad rígida, uno estructurada y otro flexible. La expresión de afecto se manifestó mediante acciones de apoyo, bromas y tiempo libre. Además, la PAM es la principal figura de apoyo. Tres familias presentaron cohesión enredada y uno separada. En términos de comunicación tres familias hicieron mucho uso de la comunicación analógica para acompañar la comunicación verbal, en dos sistemas hubo comunicación simétrica y en los otros dos fue complementaria. Tres sistemas presentaron fronteras rígidas y solo uno claras. Se concluye que los cambios que las PAM y sus familias perciben producto de su participación en el PIAM se asocian con compartir con las y los compañeros, emplear el tiempo libre para hacer algo diferente o provechoso, adquirir conocimientos académicos, y mejorar en la socialización familiar, así como en la expresión de emociones.
The analysis of the family from a systemic perspective conceives families as systems, where a change in each of its parts influences all the elements that make it up. As a result of population aging, the Costa Rican families have undergone socio-political, cultural and demographic changes, so the structure of homes has changed. The current life expectancy (2023) is 80.3 years for both sexes and by 2025 it is expected to reach 600 thousand elderly people. This implies that families are experiencing more advanced stages of their family life cycle. This population aging is partly a consequence of the various public health policies that the State has implemented and continues to strengthen to respond to the population's demand. In this sense, social programs are generated to improve the quality of life of the elderly people, such is the case of the Programa Institucional para la persona adulta y adulta mayor (PIAM) of the University of Costa Rica (UCR). Areas such as educational research, specifically, family counseling, allow for the analysis of the family dynamics of the elderly people that participate in some of these programs. The research question posed was: What are the family dynamics of four family systems with elderly people that participate in the PIAM of the UCR? The paradigm used was the naturalistic-interpretative, with a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The participant population consisted of four families in the family life cycle stage with elderly people. The techniques used were in-depth group interview, non-participant observation, genogram and field diary. The analysis of the information was through the review of the categories elaborated a priori, as well as the emerging ones, using the three-phase design proposed by Taylor and Bogdan (1998): discovery in progress, codification and relativization. Regarding the findings, most of the systems presented diffuse boundaries, the parental alliances were on parenting issues and organization of housework. Coalitions were related to the management of power and the hierarchy of members, in which case most of the systems deposited power in a single member. Two families had a greater tendency to implicit rules and the other two had presence of both rules. Two systems presented rigid flexibility, one structured and one flexible. The expression of affection was manifested through supportive actions, jokes and free time. In addition, the elderly is the main support figure. Three families presented entangled cohesion and one separated. In terms of communication, three families made much use of analogical communication to accompany verbal communication, in two systems there was symmetrical communication and in the other two it was complementary. Three systems presented rigid boundaries and only one clear. It is concluded that the changes that the elderly and their families perceive as a result of their participation in PIAM are associated with sharing with peers, using free time to do something different or useful, acquiring academic knowledge, and improving family socialization, as well as the expression of emotions.
The analysis of the family from a systemic perspective conceives families as systems, where a change in each of its parts influences all the elements that make it up. As a result of population aging, the Costa Rican families have undergone socio-political, cultural and demographic changes, so the structure of homes has changed. The current life expectancy (2023) is 80.3 years for both sexes and by 2025 it is expected to reach 600 thousand elderly people. This implies that families are experiencing more advanced stages of their family life cycle. This population aging is partly a consequence of the various public health policies that the State has implemented and continues to strengthen to respond to the population's demand. In this sense, social programs are generated to improve the quality of life of the elderly people, such is the case of the Programa Institucional para la persona adulta y adulta mayor (PIAM) of the University of Costa Rica (UCR). Areas such as educational research, specifically, family counseling, allow for the analysis of the family dynamics of the elderly people that participate in some of these programs. The research question posed was: What are the family dynamics of four family systems with elderly people that participate in the PIAM of the UCR? The paradigm used was the naturalistic-interpretative, with a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The participant population consisted of four families in the family life cycle stage with elderly people. The techniques used were in-depth group interview, non-participant observation, genogram and field diary. The analysis of the information was through the review of the categories elaborated a priori, as well as the emerging ones, using the three-phase design proposed by Taylor and Bogdan (1998): discovery in progress, codification and relativization. Regarding the findings, most of the systems presented diffuse boundaries, the parental alliances were on parenting issues and organization of housework. Coalitions were related to the management of power and the hierarchy of members, in which case most of the systems deposited power in a single member. Two families had a greater tendency to implicit rules and the other two had presence of both rules. Two systems presented rigid flexibility, one structured and one flexible. The expression of affection was manifested through supportive actions, jokes and free time. In addition, the elderly is the main support figure. Three families presented entangled cohesion and one separated. In terms of communication, three families made much use of analogical communication to accompany verbal communication, in two systems there was symmetrical communication and in the other two it was complementary. Three systems presented rigid boundaries and only one clear. It is concluded that the changes that the elderly and their families perceive as a result of their participation in PIAM are associated with sharing with peers, using free time to do something different or useful, acquiring academic knowledge, and improving family socialization, as well as the expression of emotions.