Conflictos socioambientales por represas y proyectos hidroeléctricos en Chiriquí, Panamá y la Zona Sur de Costa Rica
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Gutiérrez Arguedas, Alberto
González Quiel, Jonathan
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Abstract
El presente trabajo analiza la conflictividad socioambiental por
represas y proyectos hidroeléctricos en dos regiones que han sido escenario
de numerosas disputas alrededor de este tema en Centroamérica durante
los últimos quince años: la provincia de Chiriquí, Panamá y la Zona Sur de
Costa Rica. Para ello, se ha utilizado como perspectiva teórico-metodológica
la ecología política latinoamericana (EPL), un campo caracterizado, entre
otros aspectos, por un diálogo estrecho entre las reflexiones académicas y las
luchas socioambientales contra el neoextractivismo. El análisis comparado
revela que en ambas regiones los planes de expansión hidroeléctrica
impulsados por los Estados y por el capital nacional y transnacional se han
colocado en tensión con una multiplicidad de resistencias comunitarias
en defensa de los ríos. Se observan notables similitudes, tanto en las
estrategias del Estado-capital para impulsar los proyectos, como en
las estrategias de lucha de las comunidades para defender sus ríos y
territorios. Por otro lado, el análisis comparado también revela notables
diferencias entre ambas regiones, la más evidente siendo que, mientras en Chiriquí se registran 37 represas hidroeléctricas en operación, en la Zona
Sur costarricense ninguna está operando, lo cual se explica por diferencias
en las trayectorias nacionales de los respectivos países en relación con el
asunto. El trabajo incluye cartografías de los proyectos hidroeléctricos –en
operación, en trámite y/o cancelados- que permiten visualizar el fenómeno
en su dimensión territorial.
This work analyzes the socio-environmental conflicts caused by dams and hydroelectric projects in two regions that have witnessed numerous disputes around this issue in Central America, during the last fifteen years: the province of Chiriquí, Panama and the Southern Zone of Costa Rica. For this, the theoretical-methodological perspective employed is Latin American political ecology, a field characterized, among other aspects, by a close dialogue between academic reflections and socioenvironmental struggles aganist neoextractivism. The comparative analysis between Chiriquí and the Southern Zone reveals that in both regions the hydroelectric expansion plans promoted by the states and national / transnational capital have been put into tension with a multiplicity of community-based resistances in defense of the rivers. Notable similiarities are observed in the strategies of the state-capital to promote the projects, and the struggle strategies of communities that defend their rivers and territories. On the other hand, the comparative analysis also reveals notable differences between both regions, the most evident being that, while in Chiriquí, Panama there are 37 operating hydroelectric dams, in the Southern Zone of Costa Rica there are none, which is explained by differences in the national trajectories of the respective countries related to the issue. The work includes cartographies of the hydroelectric projects –in operation, in process and/or canceled- that allow visualizing the phenomenon in its territorial dimension.
This work analyzes the socio-environmental conflicts caused by dams and hydroelectric projects in two regions that have witnessed numerous disputes around this issue in Central America, during the last fifteen years: the province of Chiriquí, Panama and the Southern Zone of Costa Rica. For this, the theoretical-methodological perspective employed is Latin American political ecology, a field characterized, among other aspects, by a close dialogue between academic reflections and socioenvironmental struggles aganist neoextractivism. The comparative analysis between Chiriquí and the Southern Zone reveals that in both regions the hydroelectric expansion plans promoted by the states and national / transnational capital have been put into tension with a multiplicity of community-based resistances in defense of the rivers. Notable similiarities are observed in the strategies of the state-capital to promote the projects, and the struggle strategies of communities that defend their rivers and territories. On the other hand, the comparative analysis also reveals notable differences between both regions, the most evident being that, while in Chiriquí, Panama there are 37 operating hydroelectric dams, in the Southern Zone of Costa Rica there are none, which is explained by differences in the national trajectories of the respective countries related to the issue. The work includes cartographies of the hydroelectric projects –in operation, in process and/or canceled- that allow visualizing the phenomenon in its territorial dimension.
Description
Publicación resultante del proyecto de investigación C1333-23, "Expansión de infraestructura eléctrica y tensiones territoriales en Centroamérica: los casos de Chiriquí, Panamá y la Zona Sur de Costa Rica"
Keywords
COSTA RICA, PANAMÁ, PROYECTO DE DESARROLLO, CONFLICTO SOCIOAMBIENTAL, ECOLOGÍA, POLÍTICA, AMÉRICA LATINA, ENERGÍA HIDROELÉCTRICA, REPRESA