Residencia, Patrones de Movimiento y Uso de Hábitat de Dos Especies de Pargo (Lutjanidae) en una Bahía Tropical Mediante Monitoreo Acústico y Ciencia Ciudadana
Fecha
2023-10-05
Tipo
tesis de maestría
Autores
Vargas Araya, Lucía
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Resumen
Capítulo 1. Residencia, movimientos y uso del hábitat de dos especies de pargos
en una bahía estuarina tropical sometida a un afloramiento estacional. Las
condiciones ecológicas y ambientales son determinantes importantes del uso del
espacio para los peces; por lo tanto, comprender cómo las especies explotadas
comercialmente se mueven y utilizan hábitats específicos, particularmente en
entornos dinámicos, es esencial para una gestión y conservación pesquera
eficientes. Este estudio examinó los patrones de residencia y uso del hábitat de los
pargos colorado (Lutjanus colorado) y del dientón (L. novemfasciatus) en la Bahía
Santa Elena, una bahía estuarina influenciada por una fuerte surgencia estacional
en la costa del Pacífico norte de Costa Rica. Se clocaron 28 recibidores acústicos
durante 22 meses para monitorear la residencia y el uso del hábitat de ambas
especies dentro de Bahía Santa Elena. Ambas especies fueron detectadas durante
el 60% de los días de monitoreo dentro de la bahía, principalmente en hábitats de
manglar y estuarino de transición. Se observó un cambio en los patrones de uso de
hábitat durante el período de estudio, donde los individuos de ambas especies se
trasladaron de las áreas internas y medias con hábitats de manglar y estuario de
transición hacia hábitats exteriores arrecifales de la bahía. Además, durante los
meses de surgencia (diciembre a mayo), ambas especies exhibieron una mayor
probabilidad de ocurrencia, lo cual fue consistente par ambos años de monitoreo.
Nuestros hallazgos resaltan el papel que desempeña Bahía Santa Elena como
hábitat esencial de peces para especies comercialmente importantes. El
movimiento y la conectividad del hábitat de L. colorado y L. novemfasciatus en
diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales pueden facilitar la transición entre
etapas de vida, apoyando así procesos ecológicos clave como el crecimiento, la
emigración y, en última instancia, la reproducción. Nuestros resultados también
mostraron una interacción compleja de variabilidad ontogenética y estacional en los
patrones de residencia y uso del hábitat de ambas especies de estudio, lo cual es
crucial para informar el manejo y la conservación.
Capítulo 2. Revelando el comportamiento espacial de especies de pargos
(Lutjanidae) mediante un enfoque de ciencia ciudadana marina. La ciencia
ciudadana se está incorporando con más frecuencia en investigaciones marinas que
involucran a pescadores en la aplicación de monitoreos biológicos. Las iniciativas
de ciencia ciudadana marina pueden ampliar la escala espacial y temporal en que
se recolectan datos de especies de interés comercial, contribuyendo de esta forma
a mejorar la gestión integral de los recursos marinos. Este estudio determinó la
distribución espacial de las especies de pargos (Lutjanidae) en el Área Marina de
Manejo Bahía Santa Elena (AMM-BSE), ubicada en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica,
mediante un enfoque de ciencia ciudadana marina. Para esto se realizaron tres
eventos de pesca-liberación en los que participaron diferentes sectores, incluyendo
tour-operadores locales, representantes de instituciones gubernamentales,
miembros de las comunidades costeras, y turistas. A lo largo de todos los torneos
se registraron 268 individuos de 30 especies de peces. Los pargos representaron el
46% de las capturas totales, las cuales estuvieron distribuidas en seis especies; el
pargo amarillo (Lutjanus argentiventris) y pargo dientón (L. novemfasciatus) fueron
las especies más abundantes. La mayoría de los pargos capturados estaban por
debajo de la talla de primera madurez sexual. La proporción de las especies varió
espacial y temporalmente a lo largo de los eventos de pesca-liberación. Nuestros
resultados demuestran la importancia del AMM-BSE como un hábitat clave para
diferentes especies de pargo en estadios tempranos de vida. La implementación del
enfoque de ciencia ciudadana marina demostró ser efectiva para generar
información sobre la distribución de pargos en la bahía y con potencial de continuar
implementándose para apoyar el monitoreo del área.
Capítulo 3. Ciencia ciudadana para el monitoreo participativo de peces: protocolo
creado mediante investigación-acción. La ciencia ciudadana comunitaria se está
consolidando como una herramienta eficaz y de bajo costo para apoyar el monitoreo
biológico. Al permitir la colecta de datos a mayor escala, la ciencia ciudadana ayuda
a mejorar de manera más rápida el conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad y el estado
de los recursos marinos y a un menor costo. Además, la ciencia ciudadana implica
un proceso educativo y cambios de actitudes que puede potenciar la protección de
los recursos. El objetivo de este estudio fue elaborar un protocolo que permita el
monitoreo de peces de interés comercial mediante la técnica de pesca-liberación a
largo plazo desde un enfoque de ciencia ciudadana comunitaria en el Área Marina
de Manejo Bahía Santa Elena en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Se aplicó la
investigación-acción para identificar de manera práctica y participativa elementos
de viabilidad social, institucional y científica del monitoreo mediante reuniones,
talleres y eventos piloto de monitoreo. Esto se implementó de manera reiterativa
para incorporar retroalimentación en el proceso. El principal actor comunitario meta
fueron tour-operadores dedicados a la pesca deportiva, pero se procuró la presencia
de otros actores comunitarios e institucionales relevantes. Se identificaron los
principales incentivos de participación y las capacidades de diferentes actores para
asumir roles dentro del monitoreo basado en ciencia ciudadana. Asimismo, se
evaluó su eficiencia para generar la información necesaria del monitoreo y se
incorporaron normas institucionales como científicas y de trabajo grupal. La
implementación del protocolo propuesto tiene el potencial de continuar generando
datos valiosos para la gestión de los recursos de la bahía a un costo que puede ser
cubierto con ayuda de los mismos participantes. Sin embargo, la implementación
efectiva del protocolo, a largo plazo, dependerá de que se cumplan los beneficios
sociales que incentivan la participación de las personas voluntarias, por ejemplo, el
acceso al conocimiento y la construcción de capital social.
Chapter 1. Residency, movements and habitat use of two snapper species in a tropical estuarine embayment subjected to a seasonal upwelling. Ecological and environmental conditions are important drivers of fish space use, therefore, understanding how commercially exploited species move and use specific habitats, particularly in dynamic environments, is essential for effective fisheries management and conservation. This study examined the residency and habitat use patterns of the Colorado (Lutjanus colorado) and the Pacific dog (L. novemfasciatus) snappers in Santa Elena Bay, a large estuarine embayment influenced by a strong seasonal upwelling in the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica. An array of 28 acoustic receivers was deployed for 22 months to monitor the residency and habitat use of both snappers within Santa Elena Bay. Both species were detected over 60% of the monitoring days inside the bay, mainly in mangrove and transitional estuarine habitats. A shift in habitat use patterns was observed throughout the study period, where individuals of both species moved from mangrove and transitional estuarine habitats in the inner and middle areas of the bay to outer reef habitats. Moreover, during upwelling months (December to May), both species exhibited higher probability of occurrence, which was consistent across monitoring years. Our findings highlight the role that Santa Elena Bay is playing as an essential fish habitat for commercially important species. The movement and habitat connectivity of L. colorado and L. novemfasciatus over different spatial and temporal scales may facilitate the transition between life-stages, thus supporting key ecological process such as growth, emigration and ultimately reproduction. Our results also showed a complex interaction of ontogenetic and seasonal variability in residency and habitat use patterns of both study species, which is crucial to inform management and conservation. Chapter 2. Revealing the spatial behavior of snapper species (Lutjanidae) through a marine citizen science approach. Citizen science is being incorporated more frequently into marine research involving fishers in the application of biological monitoring. Marine citizen science initiatives can expand the spatial and temporal scale in which data on species of commercial interest are collected, thus contributing to improving the comprehensive management of marine resources. This study determined the spatial distribution of snapper species (Lutjanidae) in the Santa Elena Bay Marine Management Area (AMM-BSE), located in the North Pacific of Costa Rica, through a marine citizen science approach. For this, three catch-release events were held in which different stakeholders participated, including local tour operators, representatives of government institutions, members of coastal communities and tourists. Throughout all the tournaments, 268 individuals of fish 30 fish species were recorded. Snappers represented 46% of the total catches, which were distributed among six species; yellow snapper (Lutjanus argentiventris) and Pacific dog snapper (L. novemfasciatus) were the most abundant species. Most of the snappers caught were below the size at first sexual maturity. The proportion of species varied spatially and temporally throughout the catch-release events. Our results demonstrate the importance of the AMM-BSE as a key habitat for different snapper species in early life stages. The implementation of the marine citizen science approach proved to be effective in generating information on the distribution of snappers in the bay and with the potential to continue to be implemented to support monitoring of the area. Chapter 3. Citizen science for participatory fish monitoring: protocol created through action research. Community-based citizen science is establishing itself as an effective and low-cost tool to support biological monitoring. By enabling data collection on a larger scale, citizen science helps improve knowledge about biodiversity and the state of marine resources faster and at lower cost. In addition, citizen science implies an educational process and changes in attitudes that can enhance the protection of resources. The objective of this study was to develop a community-based citizen science protocol for the long-term monitoring of fish of commercial interest using the catch-release technique in the Santa Elena Bay Marine Management Area on the North Pacific Coast. Action research was applied to identify in a practical and participatory manner elements of social, institutional and scientific viability of the citizen science monitoring through meetings, workshops and pilot monitoring events. This was implemented iteratively to incorporate feedback into the process. The main target community audience were tour operators dedicated to sport fishing, but the presence of other relevant community and institutional actors was sought. The main incentives for participation and the capacities of different actors to assume roles within the monitoring based on citizen science were identified. Likewise, its efficiency was evaluated to generate the necessary monitoring information and to incorporate institutional, scientific and group work norms were incorporated. The implementation of the proposed protocol has the potential to continue generating valuable data for the management of the bay's resources at a cost that can be covered with the help of the participants themselves. However, the effective implementation of the protocol, in the long term, will depend on the fulfillment of the social benefits that encourage the participation of volunteers, for example, access to knowledge and the construction of social capital.
Chapter 1. Residency, movements and habitat use of two snapper species in a tropical estuarine embayment subjected to a seasonal upwelling. Ecological and environmental conditions are important drivers of fish space use, therefore, understanding how commercially exploited species move and use specific habitats, particularly in dynamic environments, is essential for effective fisheries management and conservation. This study examined the residency and habitat use patterns of the Colorado (Lutjanus colorado) and the Pacific dog (L. novemfasciatus) snappers in Santa Elena Bay, a large estuarine embayment influenced by a strong seasonal upwelling in the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica. An array of 28 acoustic receivers was deployed for 22 months to monitor the residency and habitat use of both snappers within Santa Elena Bay. Both species were detected over 60% of the monitoring days inside the bay, mainly in mangrove and transitional estuarine habitats. A shift in habitat use patterns was observed throughout the study period, where individuals of both species moved from mangrove and transitional estuarine habitats in the inner and middle areas of the bay to outer reef habitats. Moreover, during upwelling months (December to May), both species exhibited higher probability of occurrence, which was consistent across monitoring years. Our findings highlight the role that Santa Elena Bay is playing as an essential fish habitat for commercially important species. The movement and habitat connectivity of L. colorado and L. novemfasciatus over different spatial and temporal scales may facilitate the transition between life-stages, thus supporting key ecological process such as growth, emigration and ultimately reproduction. Our results also showed a complex interaction of ontogenetic and seasonal variability in residency and habitat use patterns of both study species, which is crucial to inform management and conservation. Chapter 2. Revealing the spatial behavior of snapper species (Lutjanidae) through a marine citizen science approach. Citizen science is being incorporated more frequently into marine research involving fishers in the application of biological monitoring. Marine citizen science initiatives can expand the spatial and temporal scale in which data on species of commercial interest are collected, thus contributing to improving the comprehensive management of marine resources. This study determined the spatial distribution of snapper species (Lutjanidae) in the Santa Elena Bay Marine Management Area (AMM-BSE), located in the North Pacific of Costa Rica, through a marine citizen science approach. For this, three catch-release events were held in which different stakeholders participated, including local tour operators, representatives of government institutions, members of coastal communities and tourists. Throughout all the tournaments, 268 individuals of fish 30 fish species were recorded. Snappers represented 46% of the total catches, which were distributed among six species; yellow snapper (Lutjanus argentiventris) and Pacific dog snapper (L. novemfasciatus) were the most abundant species. Most of the snappers caught were below the size at first sexual maturity. The proportion of species varied spatially and temporally throughout the catch-release events. Our results demonstrate the importance of the AMM-BSE as a key habitat for different snapper species in early life stages. The implementation of the marine citizen science approach proved to be effective in generating information on the distribution of snappers in the bay and with the potential to continue to be implemented to support monitoring of the area. Chapter 3. Citizen science for participatory fish monitoring: protocol created through action research. Community-based citizen science is establishing itself as an effective and low-cost tool to support biological monitoring. By enabling data collection on a larger scale, citizen science helps improve knowledge about biodiversity and the state of marine resources faster and at lower cost. In addition, citizen science implies an educational process and changes in attitudes that can enhance the protection of resources. The objective of this study was to develop a community-based citizen science protocol for the long-term monitoring of fish of commercial interest using the catch-release technique in the Santa Elena Bay Marine Management Area on the North Pacific Coast. Action research was applied to identify in a practical and participatory manner elements of social, institutional and scientific viability of the citizen science monitoring through meetings, workshops and pilot monitoring events. This was implemented iteratively to incorporate feedback into the process. The main target community audience were tour operators dedicated to sport fishing, but the presence of other relevant community and institutional actors was sought. The main incentives for participation and the capacities of different actors to assume roles within the monitoring based on citizen science were identified. Likewise, its efficiency was evaluated to generate the necessary monitoring information and to incorporate institutional, scientific and group work norms were incorporated. The implementation of the proposed protocol has the potential to continue generating valuable data for the management of the bay's resources at a cost that can be covered with the help of the participants themselves. However, the effective implementation of the protocol, in the long term, will depend on the fulfillment of the social benefits that encourage the participation of volunteers, for example, access to knowledge and the construction of social capital.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Pargo, Ciencia ciudadana marina, Monitoreo, PESCA MARINA