Entre la securitización y la (des)politización neoliberal. Políticas de prevención del crimen en Rincón Grande de Pavas (2018-2022)
Fecha
2023
Tipo
tesis de maestría
Autores
Cano Roblero, Víctor
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Resumen
El enfoque de la prevención del crimen ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años en Costa Rica, como parte de las respuestas estatales al problema de la (in)seguridad ciudadana. En parte de la discusión pública y académica sobre este tema, se suele establecer la dicotomía entre prevención y represión, dentro de la cual se cuestionan los efectos negativos que tiene el uso de la cárcel y la militarización de los cuerpos policiales —especialmente sobre poblaciones de sectores populares—, y se señalan las virtudes de la implementación de medidas preventivas, particularmente sobre lugares y poblaciones consideradas “en riesgo”.
Buscando ampliar esta discusión, este trabajo se propuso interrogar críticamente el propio enfoque preventivo, particularmente sus implicaciones a la hora de abordar las condiciones sociales de marginación. Para esto, se hizo uso de un marco analítico basado en la teoría de la securitización y en los estudios sobre las racionalidades de gobierno neoliberales en el campo de la prevención, con el objetivo de indagar en los efectos políticos e institucionales que tienen las racionalidades preventivas presentes en tres políticas que fueron puestas en práctica durante el período de gobierno entre 2018 y 2022 en Rincón Grande de Pavas, San José: Modelo Preventivo de Gestión Policial, Ligas Atléticas Policiales y Centros Cívicos por la Paz.
La investigación concluye que al problematizar las condiciones sociales de marginación como un tema de (in)seguridad, las racionalidades preventivas analizadas tienden a despolitizar estas condiciones sociales —en el sentido de invisibilizar las relaciones de poder que constituyen las dinámicas de marginación—, orientándose a gobernar las poblaciones y territorios marginalizados desde una lógica centrada en gestionar los riesgos a la seguridad ciudadana. A su vez, estas racionalidades preventivas muestran conexiones lógicas con las racionalidades de gobierno neoliberal, por lo que los hallazgos de la investigación permiten poner en cuestión la manera en que bajo la idea de seguridad ciudadana se reproducen sentidos comunes neoliberales que influyen en el cómo se piensa y el cómo se actúa frente a la marginalización producida por el propio orden neoliberal.
The crime prevention approach has gained importance in recent years in Costa Rica, as part of state responses to the problem of citizen (in)security. In part of the public an academic discussion on this subject, the dichotomy between prevention and repression is usually established, in which the negative effects of the use of prison and the militarization of the police forces are questioned —especially on populations from popular sectors—, and the virtues of the implementation of preventive measures are pointed out, particularly on places and populations considered "at risk". Seeking to broaden this discussion, this work proposed to critically interrogate the preventive approach itself, particularly its implications when it comes to addressing the social conditions of marginalization. For this, an analytical framework based on the theory of securitization and on studies on neoliberal government rationalities in the field of prevention was used, with the aim of comprehend the political and institutional effects of preventive rationalities present in three policies that were put into practice during the government period between 2018 and 2022 in Rincón Grande de Pavas, San José: Modelo Preventivo de Gestión Policial, Ligas Atléticas Policiales y Centros Cívicos por la Paz. The research concludes that by problematizing the social conditions of marginalization as a matter of (in)security, the preventive rationalities analyzed tend to depoliticize these social conditions —in the sense of making invisible the power relations that constitute the dynamics of marginalization—, orienting towards govern marginalized populations and territories from a logic centered on managing risks to citizen security. In turn, these preventive rationalities show logical connections with neoliberal government rationalities, so the research findings allow to question the way in which neoliberal common senses are reproduced under the idea of citizen security, influencing the how to think and how to act against the marginalization produced by the neoliberal order itself.
The crime prevention approach has gained importance in recent years in Costa Rica, as part of state responses to the problem of citizen (in)security. In part of the public an academic discussion on this subject, the dichotomy between prevention and repression is usually established, in which the negative effects of the use of prison and the militarization of the police forces are questioned —especially on populations from popular sectors—, and the virtues of the implementation of preventive measures are pointed out, particularly on places and populations considered "at risk". Seeking to broaden this discussion, this work proposed to critically interrogate the preventive approach itself, particularly its implications when it comes to addressing the social conditions of marginalization. For this, an analytical framework based on the theory of securitization and on studies on neoliberal government rationalities in the field of prevention was used, with the aim of comprehend the political and institutional effects of preventive rationalities present in three policies that were put into practice during the government period between 2018 and 2022 in Rincón Grande de Pavas, San José: Modelo Preventivo de Gestión Policial, Ligas Atléticas Policiales y Centros Cívicos por la Paz. The research concludes that by problematizing the social conditions of marginalization as a matter of (in)security, the preventive rationalities analyzed tend to depoliticize these social conditions —in the sense of making invisible the power relations that constitute the dynamics of marginalization—, orienting towards govern marginalized populations and territories from a logic centered on managing risks to citizen security. In turn, these preventive rationalities show logical connections with neoliberal government rationalities, so the research findings allow to question the way in which neoliberal common senses are reproduced under the idea of citizen security, influencing the how to think and how to act against the marginalization produced by the neoliberal order itself.
Descripción
Palabras clave
CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS, EXCLUSIÓN SOCIAL, POLICÍA, PREVENCIÓN DEL CRIMEN, POLÍTICA GUBERNAMENTAL