¿Fallaron las encuestas y los pronósticos en los resultados electorales de 2020 en Estados Unidos?
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Guzmán Castillo, Jesús
Muñoz Portillo, Juan Manuel
Vega Rojas, Diego
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Abstract
Algunos resultados de las elecciones presidenciales del 3 de noviembre de 2020 en Estados Unidos
indican diferencias significativas respecto a la información que arrojaban encuestas y pronósticos electorales, principalmente sobre el comportamiento de votantes republicanos. Como en ocasiones anteriores, estas discrepancias llevan a cuestionar el supuesto papel predictivo de las encuestas. En este artículo defendemos que el juzgamiento que se hace sobre las encuestas en este caso podría estar sobredimensionado. Además, brindamos explicaciones sobre qué factores metodológicos y teóricos pueden explicar las diferencias entre predicciones y resultados, según lo investigado en la literatura relevante sobre encuestas y política de los Estados Unidos.
Some results of the presidential elections from November 3 rd, 2020 in the United States point to significant differences with the information that the polls and electoral projections showed, mainly in regard to the behavior of Republican voters. As it had happened on several occasions before, these discrepancies lead to question the alleged predictive role of polls. In this article, we stand by the fact that the judgement on polls in this case may be over dimensioned. In addition, we provide explanation as to which methodological and theoretical factors can serve to explain the differences between forecasts and results according to research in relevant literature concerning polls and politics in The United States.
Some results of the presidential elections from November 3 rd, 2020 in the United States point to significant differences with the information that the polls and electoral projections showed, mainly in regard to the behavior of Republican voters. As it had happened on several occasions before, these discrepancies lead to question the alleged predictive role of polls. In this article, we stand by the fact that the judgement on polls in this case may be over dimensioned. In addition, we provide explanation as to which methodological and theoretical factors can serve to explain the differences between forecasts and results according to research in relevant literature concerning polls and politics in The United States.
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Keywords
Encuestas Electorales, Intención de voto, Difusión de encuestas, Polarización política, Elecciones presidenciales, Estados Unidos, Electoral polls, Intention of vote, Dissemination of surveys, Political polarization, Affective polarization, Presidential elections, United States
Citation
https://www.tse.go.cr/revista/art/31/guzman_munoz_vega.pdf