Reconnaissance of selected PPCP compounds in Costa Rican surface waters
Fecha
2011-10-15
Tipo
artículo original
Autores
Spongberg, Alison L.
Witter, Jason D.
Acuña González, Jenaro
Vargas Zamora, José A.
Murillo Castro, Manuel María
Umaña Villalobos, Gerardo
Gómez Ramírez, Eddy
Pérez Rojas, Greivin
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Resumen
Eighty-six water samples were collected in early 2009 from Costa Rican surface water and
coastal locations for the analysis of 34 pharmaceutical and personal care product
compounds (PPCPs). Sampling sites included areas receiving treated and untreated
wastewaters, and urban and rural runoff. PPCPs were analyzed using a combination of
solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The five
most frequently detected compounds were doxycycline (77%), sulfadimethoxine (43%),
salicylic acid (41%), triclosan (34%) and caffeine (29%). Caffeine had the maximum
concentration of 1.1 mg L 1
, possibly due to coffee bean production facilities upstream.
Other compounds found in high concentrations include: doxycycline (74 mg L 1
), ibuprofen
(37 mg L 1
), gemfibrozil (17 mg L 1
), acetominophen (13 mg L 1
) and ketoprofen (10 mg L 1
).
The wastewater effluent collected from an oxidation pond had similar detection and
concentrations of compounds compared to other studies reported in the literature. Waters
receiving runoff from a nearby hospital showed higher concentrations than other areas for
many PPCPs. Both caffeine and carbamazepine were found in low frequency compared to
other studies, likely due to enhanced degradation and low usage, respectively. Overall
concentrations of PPCPs in surface waters of Costa Rica are inline with currently reported
occurrence data from around the world, with the exception of doxycycline
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Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, Pharmaceutical and personal care products, Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry