Análisis de posibles peligros en leche materna donada. Revisión
Fecha
2023
Tipo
artículo de revisión
Autores
Víquez Barrantes, Diana
Incer González, Ana Isabel
Acosta Montoya, Óscar Gerardo
Usaga Barrientos, Jessie
Título de la revista
ISSN de la revista
Título del volumen
Editor
Resumen
La leche materna donada es un recurso
de alto valor que puede ser utilizado para la alimentación de
neonatos hospitalizados y a término, por tanto, garantizar
su inocuidad es imperativo. Esta revisión de literatura
reúne los principales peligros de naturaleza física, química
y microbiológica identificados en leche materna, con la
intención de proveer una referencia que los consolide de
tal forma que la información pueda ser utilizada por bancos
de leche humana, gobiernos y agencias regulatorias para
establecer mecanismos para su prevención y control. Se
realizó una revisión de literatura entre agosto del 2021 y
octubre del 2022, utilizando buscadores y descriptores
específicos para peligros de transmisión alimentaria en
leche materna. Se incluyeron estudios publicados en
español o en inglés. Se identificaron 31 agentes biológicos
patógenos incluyendo bacterias, virus y parásitos. Como
peligros químicos se reportaron medicamentos, drogas,
cafeína, infusiones herbales, micotoxinas, alérgenos,
especias, suplementos nutricionales, contaminantes
ambientales y desinfectantes. Se alerta sobre la presencia
potencial de plástico y vidrio de tamaño menor a 7 mm
proveniente del ambiente de extracción y recipientes.
La presencia de peligros microbiológicos y químicos en
leche materna puede darse por transmisión vertical,
temperaturas inadecuadas durante el almacenamiento
y contaminación en el proceso. La presencia de peligros
físicos se relaciona con la manipulación de los implementos
en etapas posteriores a la extracción. Se requiere prestar
atención a los hábitos de la madre para prevenir peligros
químicos, así como más investigación relacionada con
micotoxinas en leche materna
Donated breast milk is a highvalue resource which can be used to feed hospitalized neonates and full-term infants, therefore, ensuring its safety is imperative. This literature review presents the main hazards of physical, chemical and microbiological nature identified in human milk, with the intention of providing a reference that consolidates the reported hazards reported, so the information can be used by human milk banks, governments and regulatory agencies to establish prevention and control mechanisms. A literature review was carried out between August 2021 and October 2022, using search engines and specific descriptors for foodborne hazards in breast milk. Studies published in Spanish and English were considered. 31 pathogenic biological agents including bacteria, viruses and parasites were identified. Medications, drugs, caffeine, herbal infusions, mycotoxins, allergens, spices, nutritional supplements, contaminants of environmental origin and disinfectants were reported as chemical hazards. No physical hazards were identified, however the potential presence of plastic and glass smaller than 7 mm from the extraction environment or containers is alerted. Presence of microbiological and chemical hazards can be due to vertical transmission, inadequate temperature of storing, contamination during extraction, packaging, and infant feeding. Whereas presence of physical hazards is related to implements handling after extraction. Attention to hygiene and habits of the mother to prevent chemical hazards and further research related to mycotoxins in human milk is required.
Donated breast milk is a highvalue resource which can be used to feed hospitalized neonates and full-term infants, therefore, ensuring its safety is imperative. This literature review presents the main hazards of physical, chemical and microbiological nature identified in human milk, with the intention of providing a reference that consolidates the reported hazards reported, so the information can be used by human milk banks, governments and regulatory agencies to establish prevention and control mechanisms. A literature review was carried out between August 2021 and October 2022, using search engines and specific descriptors for foodborne hazards in breast milk. Studies published in Spanish and English were considered. 31 pathogenic biological agents including bacteria, viruses and parasites were identified. Medications, drugs, caffeine, herbal infusions, mycotoxins, allergens, spices, nutritional supplements, contaminants of environmental origin and disinfectants were reported as chemical hazards. No physical hazards were identified, however the potential presence of plastic and glass smaller than 7 mm from the extraction environment or containers is alerted. Presence of microbiological and chemical hazards can be due to vertical transmission, inadequate temperature of storing, contamination during extraction, packaging, and infant feeding. Whereas presence of physical hazards is related to implements handling after extraction. Attention to hygiene and habits of the mother to prevent chemical hazards and further research related to mycotoxins in human milk is required.
Descripción
Palabras clave
LECHE, LACTANCIA MATERNA, DONADA, ANÁLISIS, PELIGRO, INOCUIDAD DE ALIMENTOS, ENFERMEDAD TRANSMISIBLE