Prescripción gerontológica de actividades de recreación física basada en el análisis de la autonomía funcional y la dimensión psicosocial de la persona adulta mayor y en las condiciones logísticas de programas recreativos
Fecha
2024
Tipo
tesis de maestría
Autores
Vargas Méndez, Sigrid
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Resumen
Este estudio mixto con diseño de triangulación concurrente tuvo como objetivo la elaboración de una prescripción gerontológica de recreación física. Dicha propuesta se basó en el análisis de la autonomía funcional y la dimensión psicosocial, así como en la consideración de las condiciones logísticas de programas recreativos para personas adultas mayores (PAM). La muestra de 52 participantes provino de tres grupos escogidos por conveniencia y por ser las tres disciplinas comúnmente practicadas por este grupo etario (Yoga: 16 mujeres y un hombre; Baile: 15 mujeres, y Acondicionamiento Físico: 16 mujeres y 4 hombres). La información de la investigación fue cuantitativa y cualitativa. Las 52 personas completaron tres escalas en una ocasión. A cada grupo se le efectuó una observación no participante. También, se condujeron seis entrevistas semiestructuradas. Tres se realizaron a personas participantes, una por grupo, escogidas al azar. Las otras tres entrevistas fueron a la persona instructora de cada grupo. Los resultados descriptivos, entre otros, incluyeron promedios, frecuencias y porcentajes de datos demográficos y promedio y desviación estándar de puntajes de las escalas. Para la Estadística Inferencial, se efectuaron doce ANOVAS, una por subescala (cinco para la Escala DUKE-UNC, tres para la Escala de MOS, y cuatro para las Láminas COOP/WONCA). Para las diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05), se utilizó el análisis post-hoc de Tukey. Se halló diferencia significativa entre (a) el grupo de Yoga y el grupo de acondicionamiento físico (p < 0,005) en la variable "Forma Física" del cuestionario COOP/WONCA y (b) entre el grupo de Acondicionamiento Físico y el grupo de Baile (p < 0,005) en la variable "Cambio en el Estado de Salud". Los únicos promedios obtenidos en las escalas menores a los estándares considerados como óptimos correspondieron a los ítems de la Escala DUKE-UNC de “apoyo confidencial” en los tres grupos, “apoyo afectivo” en el grupo de Baile, “apoyo social funcional” en los grupos de Baile y Yoga e “interacción social y ocio” en el grupo de Yoga. Los resultados cualitativos reportados fueron las categorías finales relacionadas con los primeros tres objetivos de esta investigación. Ellas fueron obtenidas al analizar las seis entrevistas a PAM, las tres entrevistas a las personas instructoras de los grupos y las tres observaciones a los grupos de recreación física. Los hallazgos cualitativos destacaron la importancia de incorporar en la prescripción factores como la forma física, las interacciones sociales y la logística del programa para maximizar los beneficios percibidos por las personas participantes. Posteriormente, los datos cuantitativos y los cualitativos se triangularon para obtener los contenidos base para elaborar la prescripción gerontológica de recreación física. Este estudio aporta conocimientos valiosos para comprender la recreación física para PAM y ofrece directrices prácticas para mejorar la planificación y ejecución de programas que promuevan la salud y el bienestar de esta población. Sugiere que la implementación de esta prescripción gerontológica puede contribuir significativamente al bienestar de la población adulta mayor. Enfatiza la necesidad de futuras investigaciones y validar instrumentos específicos para la población costarricense, así como la importancia de la capacitación en gerontología para quienes trabajan con este grupo etario. La prescripción gerontológica propuesta ofrece herramientas valiosas para profesionales en Gerontología, en Recreación y Ciencias del Movimiento Humano. Además, respalda la necesidad de considerar aspectos físicos, psicosociales y logísticos al diseñar programas recreativos para PAM.
This mixed-methods study with a concurrent triangulation design aimed to develop a gerontological prescription for physical recreation. This proposal was based on the analysis of functional autonomy and psychosocial dimensions, as well as the consideration of logistical conditions of recreational programs for older adults (OA). The sample of 52 participants was drawn from three convenience-selected groups, representing the three disciplines commonly practiced by this age group (Yoga: 16 women and 1 man; Dance: 15 women; Fitness: 16 women and 4 men). Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. All 52 individuals completed three scales once. Each group underwent a non-participant observation. Six semi-structured interviews were also conducted. Three interviews were with participants, one per group, selected randomly, and the other three were with the instructor of each group. Descriptive results included averages, frequencies, and percentages of demographic data, and mean and standard deviation scores of the scales. For inferential statistics, twelve ANOVAs were performed, one per subscale (five for the DUKE-UNC Scale, three for the MOS Scale, and four for the COOP/WONCA Charts). Tukey's post-hoc analysis was used for statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found between (a) the Yoga group and the Fitness group (p < 0.005) in the "Physical Fitness" variable of the COOP/WONCA questionnaire, and (b) between the Fitness group and the Dance group (p < 0.005) in the "Change in Health Status" variable. The only suboptimal averages obtained were for the "Confidential Support" items of the DUKE-UNC Scale in all three groups, "Affective Support" in the Dance group, "Functional Social Support" in the Dance and Yoga groups, and "Social Interaction and Leisure" in the Yoga group. Qualitative results comprised final categories related to the first three objectives of this research, obtained by analyzing the six interviews with OA, three interviews with group instructors, and three observations of physical recreation groups. Qualitative findings highlighted the importance of incorporating factors such as physical fitness, social interactions, and program logistics into the prescription to maximize perceived benefits for participants. Subsequently, quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to obtain the foundational content for developing the gerontological prescription for physical recreation. This study provides valuable insights into physical recreation for OA and offers practical guidelines to enhance the planning and execution of programs promoting health and well being for this population. It suggests that implementing this gerontological prescription can significantly contribute to the well-being of the elderly population. It underscores the need for future research and validation of specific instruments for the Costa Rican population, as well as the importance of gerontology training for those working with this age group. The proposed gerontological prescription offers valuable tools for professionals in Gerontology, Recreation, and Human Movement Sciences. Moreover, it supports the necessity of considering physical, psychosocial, and logistical aspects when designing recreational programs for OA.
This mixed-methods study with a concurrent triangulation design aimed to develop a gerontological prescription for physical recreation. This proposal was based on the analysis of functional autonomy and psychosocial dimensions, as well as the consideration of logistical conditions of recreational programs for older adults (OA). The sample of 52 participants was drawn from three convenience-selected groups, representing the three disciplines commonly practiced by this age group (Yoga: 16 women and 1 man; Dance: 15 women; Fitness: 16 women and 4 men). Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. All 52 individuals completed three scales once. Each group underwent a non-participant observation. Six semi-structured interviews were also conducted. Three interviews were with participants, one per group, selected randomly, and the other three were with the instructor of each group. Descriptive results included averages, frequencies, and percentages of demographic data, and mean and standard deviation scores of the scales. For inferential statistics, twelve ANOVAs were performed, one per subscale (five for the DUKE-UNC Scale, three for the MOS Scale, and four for the COOP/WONCA Charts). Tukey's post-hoc analysis was used for statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found between (a) the Yoga group and the Fitness group (p < 0.005) in the "Physical Fitness" variable of the COOP/WONCA questionnaire, and (b) between the Fitness group and the Dance group (p < 0.005) in the "Change in Health Status" variable. The only suboptimal averages obtained were for the "Confidential Support" items of the DUKE-UNC Scale in all three groups, "Affective Support" in the Dance group, "Functional Social Support" in the Dance and Yoga groups, and "Social Interaction and Leisure" in the Yoga group. Qualitative results comprised final categories related to the first three objectives of this research, obtained by analyzing the six interviews with OA, three interviews with group instructors, and three observations of physical recreation groups. Qualitative findings highlighted the importance of incorporating factors such as physical fitness, social interactions, and program logistics into the prescription to maximize perceived benefits for participants. Subsequently, quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to obtain the foundational content for developing the gerontological prescription for physical recreation. This study provides valuable insights into physical recreation for OA and offers practical guidelines to enhance the planning and execution of programs promoting health and well being for this population. It suggests that implementing this gerontological prescription can significantly contribute to the well-being of the elderly population. It underscores the need for future research and validation of specific instruments for the Costa Rican population, as well as the importance of gerontology training for those working with this age group. The proposed gerontological prescription offers valuable tools for professionals in Gerontology, Recreation, and Human Movement Sciences. Moreover, it supports the necessity of considering physical, psychosocial, and logistical aspects when designing recreational programs for OA.
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Palabras clave
Gerontología, Prescripción Gerontológica, Recreación, Movimiento Humano, Personas Adultas Mayores, Autonomía Funcional, dimensión Psicosocial, gerontology, gerontological prescription, recreation, human movement, elderly people, functional autonomy, psychosocial dimension