Evaluación del proceso de gestión del Programa Nacional de Bienestar Animal de Especies Menores (PNBA-EM) del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), periodo 2015-2018
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Meza Sierra, Graciela Guadalupe
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Abstract
El Programa Nacional de Bienestar Animal de Especies Menores (PNBA-EM) del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA) fue creado en el año 2011, sobre la base del reconocimiento a la capacidad que poseen todos los animales de experimentar sufrimiento y dolor, así como de la convicción de que provocarles sufrimiento innecesario no es un hecho moralmente aceptable (Loaiza, 2014). Históricamente, el interés por el bienestar animal se concentraba en los animales de producción, dada la necesidad de garantizar la inocuidad de los procesos relativos a la producción pecuaria, principalmente en animales destinados al consumo humano. Hoy en día, el país ha venido mostrando un cambio social y cultural muy importante en la tenencia de mascotas, generando la necesidad de tomar medidas oportunas y adecuadas para promover la tenencia responsable y el bienestar humano, animal y ambiental, desde la visión de “Una Sola Salud”.
Esta primera evaluación del PNBA-EM, responde al interés de su coordinadora y de la Dirección General del SENASA; y tuvo como propósito valorar la gestión administrativa, técnica y social del Programa durante el periodo 2015-2018, en relación al cumplimiento de sus objetivos y de la normativa nacional e internacional en materia de bienestar de los animales de compañía, el cual se inscribe en el marco de la salud pública y la salud pública veterinaria en un contexto mundial que demanda cada vez mayores controles sobre las enfermedades zoonóticas; y ante patrones de comportamiento humano cada vez más violentos a nivel intrafamiliar y social, que afectan directamente la salud física, mental y emocional, tanto de humanos como de animales, y que presenta importantes repercusiones a nivel ambiental.
Metodológicamente, se trata de una evaluación externa desde la visión de Una Salud y un enfoque pragmático, formativo y de utilidad. La recopilación de la información se realizó, principalmente, por medio de entrevistas individuales dadas las medidas sanitarias establecidas ante la pandemia generada por el virus SARS-COV-2. El análisis de la información cuantitativa se llevó a cabo mediante la aplicación del Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) y, el análisis de información cualitativa se realizó con apoyo del Programa ATLAS.ti-9. Los resultados ratifican la importancia de las calidades de la coordinadora del mismo y los aportes del Programa en los ámbitos de educación, capacitación, prevención e intervención para un mayor bienestar de los animales de compañía, y mayores niveles de salud humana y saneamiento ambiental, a pesar de no contar con los recursos necesarios para enfrentar sus tareas. Así mismo evidencian, entre otras, la importancia de la coordinación interinstitucional como elemento fundamental para establecer estrategias que contribuyan a brindar mayor sostenibilidad al Programa.
The National Animal Welfare Program for Minor Species (PNBA-EM, by its acronym in Spanish) was created in 2011 by the National Animal Health Service (SENASA, Spanish acronym), as a result of recognizing that all animals have the ability to experience suffering and pain, as well as from the conviction that causing them unnecessary suffering is not morally acceptable (Loaiza, 2014). Historically, interest in animal welfare was concentrated in livestock, given the need to guarantee the safety of the processes related to animal production, specifically the ones destined for human consumption. Today, the country has been showing a very important social and cultural change regarding pet ownership, generating the need to take timely and adequate measures to promote responsible animal ownership as well as a human, animal and environmental state of well-being, from the vision of "One Health”. This first evaluation by the PNBA-EM responds to the interest of its Coordinator and SENASA´s General Manager; and its purpose was to assess the administrative, technical and social management of the Program during the 2015-2018 period. Its aim was to establish compliance with the Program´s objectives and adherence to national and international regulations regarding the welfare of companion animals, which is part of the Public Health framework including Veterinary Public Health. Worldwide there are increasing demands to control zoonotic diseases; and also growing patterns of violent human behavior at the domestic and social level, which directly affect the physical, mental and emotional health of both human beings and animals, having important repercussions at the environmental level. Methodologically, this is an external evaluation carried out from One Health perspective and a pragmatic, formative and useful approach. The information was obtained mainly through individual interviews, given the sanitary measures established in the face of the pandemic generated by the SARS-COV-2 virus. The quantitative data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the qualitative information was analyzed with the support of the ATLAS.ti-9 Program. The results support and emphasize the importance regarding the Program Coordinator´s qualities and the contributions the Program provides in the fields of education, training, prevention and intervention aiming towards a better welfare for companion animals, and higher levels of human health and environmental sanitation, in spite of not having the necessary resources to face their tasks. Likewise, they show the importance in the inter-institutional coordination as a fundamental element to establish strategies that can contribute to providing greater sustainability to the Program.
The National Animal Welfare Program for Minor Species (PNBA-EM, by its acronym in Spanish) was created in 2011 by the National Animal Health Service (SENASA, Spanish acronym), as a result of recognizing that all animals have the ability to experience suffering and pain, as well as from the conviction that causing them unnecessary suffering is not morally acceptable (Loaiza, 2014). Historically, interest in animal welfare was concentrated in livestock, given the need to guarantee the safety of the processes related to animal production, specifically the ones destined for human consumption. Today, the country has been showing a very important social and cultural change regarding pet ownership, generating the need to take timely and adequate measures to promote responsible animal ownership as well as a human, animal and environmental state of well-being, from the vision of "One Health”. This first evaluation by the PNBA-EM responds to the interest of its Coordinator and SENASA´s General Manager; and its purpose was to assess the administrative, technical and social management of the Program during the 2015-2018 period. Its aim was to establish compliance with the Program´s objectives and adherence to national and international regulations regarding the welfare of companion animals, which is part of the Public Health framework including Veterinary Public Health. Worldwide there are increasing demands to control zoonotic diseases; and also growing patterns of violent human behavior at the domestic and social level, which directly affect the physical, mental and emotional health of both human beings and animals, having important repercussions at the environmental level. Methodologically, this is an external evaluation carried out from One Health perspective and a pragmatic, formative and useful approach. The information was obtained mainly through individual interviews, given the sanitary measures established in the face of the pandemic generated by the SARS-COV-2 virus. The quantitative data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the qualitative information was analyzed with the support of the ATLAS.ti-9 Program. The results support and emphasize the importance regarding the Program Coordinator´s qualities and the contributions the Program provides in the fields of education, training, prevention and intervention aiming towards a better welfare for companion animals, and higher levels of human health and environmental sanitation, in spite of not having the necessary resources to face their tasks. Likewise, they show the importance in the inter-institutional coordination as a fundamental element to establish strategies that can contribute to providing greater sustainability to the Program.
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Keywords
evaluación de gestión, evaluación externa, bienestar animal, animales de compañía, SENASA, Una Salud, ANIMAL DOMÉSTICO