Importancia del conocimiento de los parámetros espinopélvicos en la cirugía de la columna de la patología degenerativa de la columna vertebral mediante una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Fecha
2024
Autores
Aguirre Ortega, Jose Carlos
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Resumen
La capacidad de bipedestación y la acción de caminar, como se conoce hoy en día, se han
investigado desde la época antes de Cristo, incluso con investigaciones actuales para
comprender mejor la biomecánica de la marcha y su relación con la columna vertebral.
Diferentes personajes de la historia se han involucrado en la anatomía y fisiología de la
columna vertebral y su relación con el balance y la economía necesaria para caminar.
Después de la descripción anatómica y fisiológica de la columna vertebral, como ocurre en
todoslos órganos y sistemas del cuerpo, se inicia la relación de esta con las enfermedades de
la columna vertebral. Se empieza por sus deformidades y se siguen los procesos infecciosos
asociados a esta. Las deformidades y los procedimientos infecciosos se consideran las dos
enfermedades que describen el inicio de la patología de la columna vertebral.
Todo lo anterior lleva al entendimiento de que la columna vertebral consta de una serie de
curvaturas y parámetros que logran mantener la bipedestación y la marcha, que son un
conjunto que se engloba en el término debalance sagital. Además, se define como la armonía
que guardan las curvaturas de la columna vertebral en relación con la pelvis para mantener
una posición energéticamente eficiente.
El balance sagital tiene una amplia relación con el dolor y la capacidad funcional, lo que ha
llevado a una serie de diferentes manejos quirúrgicos para modificarlo y lograr una mejoría
en el malestar y la capacidad funcional a corto y largo plazo.
La metodología de este metaanálisis y revisión sistemática se diseñó de acuerdo con
directrices comunes para las revisiones sistemáticas, como las que figuran en el Manual
Cochrane. Las inspecciones se estructuraron según el Prisma (Preferred Reporting Items for
Systematic) para revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis).
Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron: (1) evaluar la correlación entre los
resultados comunicados por los pacientes y la alineación sagital de la columna en pacientes
adultos con trastornos degenerativos lumbares que son sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico,
(2) dar una visión general de las medidas que se utilizan para determinar el balance sagital de
la columna vertebral. Los estudios se seleccionaron en función de los siguientes criterios: (1) estudios cohortes
prospectivos y retrospectivos. No se dio seguimiento mínimo; (2) tipos depacientes: estudios
sobre pacientes con trastornos degenerativos lumbares y deformidad no compleja de la
columna vertebral del adulto; (3); tipos de mediciones de resultados: preoperatorio y
posoperatorio resultados clínicos y radiográficos.
El metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios se realizó utilizando el paquete Comprensive
Metanalysis V4. De esta revisión se interpreta que existe una relación entre los PROMS y
los parámetros espinopélvicos.
No se realizó el análisis de los parámetros espinopélvicos con los siguientes PROMS: EQ5D, JOA, RMDQ, SF-32 y SR-30. Esto se debe a que no se contaba con más de un estudio
en algunos casos para comparar y en otros casos no se tenía control observacional. Además,
se evidenciaron relaciones entre LL, PI, SS y SVA con los PROMS ODI y VAS.
The ability to stand and the action of walking as we know it today has been investigated since the time before Christ, even with research to this day for a better understanding of the biomechanics of walking and its relationship with the spinal column. Different characters in history have been involved in the anatomy and physiology of the spine and its relationship with the balance and economy necessary for walking. After the anatomical and physiological description, as occurs in all organs and systems of the body, the relationship between the spine and spinal column diseases begins. Starting withthe deformities of the spinal column and followed by the associated infectious processes, which are considered the 2 diseases that describe the beginning of spinal column pathology. All of the above leads us to the understanding that the spine consists of a series of curvatures and parameters that manage to maintain standing and walking, a set of curvatures and parameters that are included in the term sagittal balance. Which is defined as the harmony that the curvatures of the spine maintain in relation to the pelvis to maintain an energetically efficient position. Sagittal balance has a broad relationship with pain and functional capacity, which has led to a series of different surgical treatments to modify it and achieve an improvement in pain and functional capacity in the short and long term. The methodology of this meta-analysis and systematic review was designed according to common guidelines for systematic reviews, such as those contained in the Cochrane Handbook. The reviews were structured according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for systematic reviews and meta-analyses). The main objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the correlation between patient- reported outcomes and sagittal spinal alignment in adult patients with lumbar degenerative disorders who underwent surgical treatment, and (2) to give an overview of the measures used to determine sagittal spine alignment. Studies were selected based on the following criteria (1). Prospective and retrospective cohort studies. No minimum follow-up (2). Types of patients: studieson patients with lumbar xiii degenerative disorders and non-complex adult spinal deformity (3). Types of outcome measurements: preoperative and postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Metanalysis V4. It is interpreted from this review that there is a relationship between PROMS and spinopelvic parameters. It was not possible to perform analysis of the spinopelvic parameters with the following PROMS: EQ-5D, JOA, RMDQ, SF-32 and SR-30. This was because in some cases there was not more than 1 study to compare. And in other cases, there was no observational control. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate relationships between: LL, PI, SS and SVA with the PROMS ODI and VAS
The ability to stand and the action of walking as we know it today has been investigated since the time before Christ, even with research to this day for a better understanding of the biomechanics of walking and its relationship with the spinal column. Different characters in history have been involved in the anatomy and physiology of the spine and its relationship with the balance and economy necessary for walking. After the anatomical and physiological description, as occurs in all organs and systems of the body, the relationship between the spine and spinal column diseases begins. Starting withthe deformities of the spinal column and followed by the associated infectious processes, which are considered the 2 diseases that describe the beginning of spinal column pathology. All of the above leads us to the understanding that the spine consists of a series of curvatures and parameters that manage to maintain standing and walking, a set of curvatures and parameters that are included in the term sagittal balance. Which is defined as the harmony that the curvatures of the spine maintain in relation to the pelvis to maintain an energetically efficient position. Sagittal balance has a broad relationship with pain and functional capacity, which has led to a series of different surgical treatments to modify it and achieve an improvement in pain and functional capacity in the short and long term. The methodology of this meta-analysis and systematic review was designed according to common guidelines for systematic reviews, such as those contained in the Cochrane Handbook. The reviews were structured according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for systematic reviews and meta-analyses). The main objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the correlation between patient- reported outcomes and sagittal spinal alignment in adult patients with lumbar degenerative disorders who underwent surgical treatment, and (2) to give an overview of the measures used to determine sagittal spine alignment. Studies were selected based on the following criteria (1). Prospective and retrospective cohort studies. No minimum follow-up (2). Types of patients: studieson patients with lumbar xiii degenerative disorders and non-complex adult spinal deformity (3). Types of outcome measurements: preoperative and postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Metanalysis V4. It is interpreted from this review that there is a relationship between PROMS and spinopelvic parameters. It was not possible to perform analysis of the spinopelvic parameters with the following PROMS: EQ-5D, JOA, RMDQ, SF-32 and SR-30. This was because in some cases there was not more than 1 study to compare. And in other cases, there was no observational control. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate relationships between: LL, PI, SS and SVA with the PROMS ODI and VAS
Descripción
Palabras clave
CIENCIAS MÉDICAS, PARÁMETROS, CIRUGÍA, COLUMNA, PATALOGÍA, REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA, TRATAMIENTO MÉDICO