Guía clínica para inicio de nutrición enteral temprana, en pacientes sometidos a gastrectomía por cáncer gástrico del Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología. Revisión Bibliográfica
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Solís Jiménez, Yislin
Fallas Marín, Jesús Sebastián
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Se realizó esta revisión bibliográfica para poder proponer una guía clínica sobre el
inicio de nutrición enteral temprana en pacientes posgastrectomizados por cáncer
gástrico en el Hospital Nacional de Geriatría & Gerontología.
El cáncer gástrico (CG) sigue presentando alta incidencia y mortalidad, en Costa Rica
ocupa el tercer lugar en incidencia, es más frecuente en hombres, y la incidencia en
personas mayores está en aumento asociado a la mayor esperanza de vida de nuestro
país. La cirugía ha sido el método de tratamiento más efectivo para el cáncer gástrico,
pero el pronóstico postoperatorio sigue siendo pobre en pacientes de edad avanzada.
El CG tiene una etiología multifactorial. La desnutrición y pérdida de peso en pacientes
portadores de CG también es multifactorial, por mencionar algunos, la ingesta
deficiente de nutrientes, pobre absorción de nutrientes, procesos obstructivos
secundarios al tumor, deterioro de la función física, fatiga, dolor y depresión.
La detección de riesgos nutricionales mediante tamizaje, es el primer paso para
optimizar el soporte nutricional, se ha demostrado que la terapia nutricional
prequirúrgica en pacientes con cáncer que están desnutridos o en riesgo de
desnutrición resulta en menos complicaciones posquirúrgicas, mejora el proceso de
cicatrización, y disminuye la estancia hospitalaria.
Como parte del procedimiento quirúrgico y la modificación anatómica, el paciente
puede presentar síndromes posgastrectomía a corto plazo, como síndrome de
dumping, diarrea posvagotomía, síndrome de mala absorción, y a más largo plazo
algunas como, pérdida de peso, desnutrición, anemia ferropénica, déficit de b12 y
enfermedad ósea metabólica entre otros.
This bibliographic review was carried out in order to propose a clinical guideline on the initiation of early enteral nutrition in postgastrectomy patients for gastric cancer at the Hospital Nacional de Geriatría & Gerontología. Gastric cancer (GC) continues to present a high incidence and mortality, in Costa Rica it ranks third in incidence, it is more frequent in men, and the incidence in older people is increasing, associated with the greater life expectancy in our country. Surgery has been the most effective treatment method for gastric cancer, but the postoperative prognosis remains poor in elderly patients. GC has a multifactorial etiology. Malnutrition and weight loss in patients with GC is also multifactorial, to mention a few poor nutrient intake, poor nutrient absorption, obstructive processes secondary to the tumor, impaired physical function, fatigue, pain, and depression. The detection of nutritional risks through screening is the first step to optimize nutritional support, it has been shown that pre-surgical nutritional therapy in cancer patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, decreases hospital stay, fewer post-surgical complications, improves the process healing, and decreases hospital stay. As part of the surgical procedure and the anatomical modification, the patient may present short-term post-gastrectomy syndromes such as dumping syndrome, postvagotomy diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, and in the longer term some such as weight loss, malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, deficiency of b12 and metabolic bone disease, among others.
This bibliographic review was carried out in order to propose a clinical guideline on the initiation of early enteral nutrition in postgastrectomy patients for gastric cancer at the Hospital Nacional de Geriatría & Gerontología. Gastric cancer (GC) continues to present a high incidence and mortality, in Costa Rica it ranks third in incidence, it is more frequent in men, and the incidence in older people is increasing, associated with the greater life expectancy in our country. Surgery has been the most effective treatment method for gastric cancer, but the postoperative prognosis remains poor in elderly patients. GC has a multifactorial etiology. Malnutrition and weight loss in patients with GC is also multifactorial, to mention a few poor nutrient intake, poor nutrient absorption, obstructive processes secondary to the tumor, impaired physical function, fatigue, pain, and depression. The detection of nutritional risks through screening is the first step to optimize nutritional support, it has been shown that pre-surgical nutritional therapy in cancer patients who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition, decreases hospital stay, fewer post-surgical complications, improves the process healing, and decreases hospital stay. As part of the surgical procedure and the anatomical modification, the patient may present short-term post-gastrectomy syndromes such as dumping syndrome, postvagotomy diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, and in the longer term some such as weight loss, malnutrition, iron deficiency anemia, deficiency of b12 and metabolic bone disease, among others.
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NUTRICIÓN, HAMBRE, CÁNCER, ADULTO, ANCIANO, ENFERMEDAD NUTRICIONAL
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