Análisis de eventos fríos y cálidos por medio de datos de buceo: un enfoque de ciencia ciudadana en el Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica
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Escoto Murillo, Andrés
Alfaro Martínez, Eric J.
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Abstract
Introducción: en el año 2011 y como una iniciativa de
Ciencia Ciudadana, los propietarios de la tienda Deep Blue
Diving Shop en Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica,
iniciaron a recolectar diariamente los datos de temperatura
en la columna de agua de mar durante sus actividades de
buceo, como respuesta a la necesidad de informar a los
turistas antes de viajar a Costa Rica para la selección del
equipo correcto de SCUBA y así maximizar su experiencia
en el Golfo de Papagayo. Esta recolección de datos se
mantuvo constante hasta enero de 2020 por la pandemia
del COVID-19.
Objetivo: identificar eventos fríos y cálidos de la temperatura sub-superficial del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo,
Guanacaste, Costa Rica y su relación con fuentes de variabilidad climática conocidas como El Niño-Oscilación del
Sur (ENOS) y sistemas sinópticos como las incursiones de
frentes fríos en el Mar Caribe.
Métodos: se utilizaron datos de Temperatura Subsuperficial del Mar correspondientes a la temperatura más baja de
la columna del agua de mar, a una profundidad aproximada
de 25-35 m. Las observaciones se realizaron con una frecuencia diaria del 01/01/2011 al 31/01/2020.
Resultados: la iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana presentada
en este estudio mostró ser muy útil para el monitoreo y
caracterización de la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de
Papagayo. La temperatura media fue de 25.7 °C. Se observaron temperaturas más frías en febrero-marzo, por debajo
de 22.5 °C con un mínimo secundario en julio. Hubo dos
máximos en mayo y agosto con temperaturas superiores a
27.4 °C. Los descensos durante los eventos fríos alcanzaros
los 16-17 °C. Todos los eventos fríos estuvieron asociados
al paso de frentes fríos por el Mar Caribe, debido a reforzamientos en intensidad del viento alisio, con componente
zonal del este, que provoca surgencia estacional. Los
eventos cálidos presentaron temperaturas en sus máximos
de 30-31 °C. Los eventos cálidos estuvieron asociados al
desarrollo y madurez de los eventos cálidos del ENOS
tipo El Niño. El ENOS es un modulador importante de
la variabilidad de la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de
Papagayo, ya que los eventos El Niño están relacionados
con anomalías positivas de la temperatura del mar en el
Pacífico Tropical del Este.
Conclusiones: la iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana presentada en este estudio resultó ser muy útil para monitorear la
temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los guías de buceo pueden
aportar datos sobre la temperatura del mar de suficiente
calidad y con alta resolución temporal. Los buzos pueden
apoyar de manera rentable el monitoreo y la Ciencia Ciudadana puede contribuir positivamente al bienestar social
al influir en las preguntas que se están abordando y al dar
voz a las personas en la toma de decisiones ambientales
locales. La información generada en este estudio regresa
a los operadores de turismo y mejora la comprensión de la
variabilidad observada en los datos recolectados por ellos,
conocimiento que luego es transmitido a sus clientes para
mejorar su experiencia.
Introduction: In January 2011 and as a Citizen Science initiative, the owners of the Deep Blue Diving Shop in Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, began to collect daily temperature data in the seawater column during their diving activities, to inform tourists before traveling to Costa Rica and help them properly select their diving equipment and thus maximize the enjoyment of the experience in the Gulf of Papagayo. This data collection remained constant until January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Identify cold and warm events of the sub-surface temperature of the sea in the Gulf of Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and their relationship with known sources of climate variability as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and synoptic systems such as incursions of cold fronts in the Caribbean Sea. Methods: Sea Subsurface Temperature data corresponding to the lowest temperature of the seawater column were used, at an approximate depth of 25-35m. Observations were made daily, from 01/01/2011 to 01/31/2020. Results: The mean temperature was 25.7 °C. Cooler temperatures were observed in February-March, below 22.5 °C with a secondary minimum in July. There were two peaks in May and August with temperatures above 27.4 °C. The drops during cold events reached 16-17 °C. All cold events were associated with the passage of cold fronts through the Caribbean Sea, due to reinforcement in the intensity of the trade winds, with a zonal component from the East, which causes seasonal upwelling. The warm events presented temperatures at their maximum of 30-31 °C. The latter events were associated with the development and maturity of warm El Niño-type ENSO events. ENSO is an important modulator of sea temperature variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, since El Niño events are related to positive anomalies in sea temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Conclusions: The Citizen Science initiative presented in this study proved to be very useful for monitoring sea temperature in the Gulf of Papagayo. The results of this study indicate that Dive Masters can provide data on sea temperature of sufficient quality and with high temporal resolution. Divers can profitably support monitoring and Citizen Science can contribute positively to social well-being by influencing the questions that are being addressed and by giving people a voice in local environmental decision-making. The information generated in this study returns to the tour operators and enhance the understanding of the variability observed in the data collected by them, a knowledge that is later transmitted to their clients to improve their experience.
Introduction: In January 2011 and as a Citizen Science initiative, the owners of the Deep Blue Diving Shop in Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, began to collect daily temperature data in the seawater column during their diving activities, to inform tourists before traveling to Costa Rica and help them properly select their diving equipment and thus maximize the enjoyment of the experience in the Gulf of Papagayo. This data collection remained constant until January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Identify cold and warm events of the sub-surface temperature of the sea in the Gulf of Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and their relationship with known sources of climate variability as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and synoptic systems such as incursions of cold fronts in the Caribbean Sea. Methods: Sea Subsurface Temperature data corresponding to the lowest temperature of the seawater column were used, at an approximate depth of 25-35m. Observations were made daily, from 01/01/2011 to 01/31/2020. Results: The mean temperature was 25.7 °C. Cooler temperatures were observed in February-March, below 22.5 °C with a secondary minimum in July. There were two peaks in May and August with temperatures above 27.4 °C. The drops during cold events reached 16-17 °C. All cold events were associated with the passage of cold fronts through the Caribbean Sea, due to reinforcement in the intensity of the trade winds, with a zonal component from the East, which causes seasonal upwelling. The warm events presented temperatures at their maximum of 30-31 °C. The latter events were associated with the development and maturity of warm El Niño-type ENSO events. ENSO is an important modulator of sea temperature variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, since El Niño events are related to positive anomalies in sea temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Conclusions: The Citizen Science initiative presented in this study proved to be very useful for monitoring sea temperature in the Gulf of Papagayo. The results of this study indicate that Dive Masters can provide data on sea temperature of sufficient quality and with high temporal resolution. Divers can profitably support monitoring and Citizen Science can contribute positively to social well-being by influencing the questions that are being addressed and by giving people a voice in local environmental decision-making. The information generated in this study returns to the tour operators and enhance the understanding of the variability observed in the data collected by them, a knowledge that is later transmitted to their clients to improve their experience.
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Keywords
Ciencia Ciudadana, Golfo Papagayo, Temperatura sub-superficial del mar, Afloramiento-surgencia, América Central, Citizen science, Gulf of Papagayo, Sea subsurface temperature, Upwelling, Central America
Citation
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rbt/article/view/48309