Patogenicidad de tres hongos asociados a la muerte de plantas de fresa (Fragaria ananassa) y descripción ultraestructural del patosistema
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Granados Montero, María del Milagro
Zúñiga Castañeda, Mariam
Chaverri Echandi, Priscila
Escudero Leyva, Efraín
Mardones Hidalgo, Melissa
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Abstract
Introducción. El cultivo de fresa (Fragaria
ananassa) es importante en Costa Rica
por su alta demanda como fruta fresca y para
elaboración de mermeladas. En 2015 empezaron
reportes de muerte de plantas, presumiblemente,
asociada a complejos de hongos habitantes en el
suelo. Los síntomas eran enrojecimiento y necrosis
de hojas, coronas, raíce y luego, el desplome
de las plantas. Con pérdidas hasta del 90% en
plantaciones nuevas. Objetivo. Determinar la
patogenicidad de hongos asociados a plantas
de fresa enfermas y describir la micro morfología
del patosistema. Materiales y métodos. Se
colectaron plantas enfermas variedad Festival,
y se realizaron aislamientos a partir de corona y
raíz. Se clasificaron los morfotipos recuperados, se eligieron 3 para secuenciación del espaciador
interno transcrito del ADN nuclear ribosomal
(nrDNA ITS por sus siglas en inglés) y ejecución
de los Postulados de Koch, con 3,5 x 105 conidios/
ml inoculados en gránulos de alfalfa. Las
plantas se mantuvieron 19 semanas en ambiente
protegido. Luego, se realizó el reaislamiento y
la secuenciación de los hongos inoculados y se
describió el patosistema por medio de microscopía
electrónica de barrido. Resultados. Se
obtuvieron 10 aislamientos de hongos de corona
y 22 de raíz, que se clasificaron en 9 morfotipos.
Se eligieron 3 que de acuerdo con el ITS, se
ubicaron en las unidades taxonómicas operativas
Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria/Dactylonectria
y Sydowia polyspora. Se registró 100% de
incidencia en todas las plantas inoculadas y los
síntomas coincidieron con los de campo, mientras
que el testigo permaneció sano. Los porcentajes
de similitud de las secuencias de ITS de los
hongos aislados de plantas enfermas provenientes
de campo y de los hongos recuperados de la
prueba de patogenicidad, fueron > 99%. A nivel
ultraestructural se observó que las raíces pierden
la epidermis y son colonizadas por los hongos.
Conclusión. Los hongos inoculados fueron patogénicos
a plantas de fresa variedad Festival; además,
tuvieron la capacidad de dañar la epidermis
radical y multiplicarse internamente.
Introduction. Strawberries are important in Costa Rica due to their high demand as fresh fruit and for making jams. In 2015, reports of plant death began, presumably associated with soil-dwelling fungal complexes. The symptoms were redness and necrosis of leaves, crowns, and roots, then the collapse of the plants. With losses of up to 90% in new plantations. Objective. To determine the pathogenicity of fungi associated with diseased strawberry plants and to describe the micromorphology of the pathosystem. Materials and methods. Diseased Festival variety plants were collected, and isolations were made from crown and root. The recovered morphotypes were classified, three were chosen for sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS) and execution of Koch’s Postulates, with 3.5 x 105 conidia/ml inoculated in alfalfa granules. The plants were kept for 19 weeks in a protected environment. Then, reisolation and sequencing of the inoculated fungi was performed, and the pathosystem was described by means of scanning electron microscopy. Results. Ten isolates of crown and 22 root fungi were obtained, which were classified into 9 morphotypes. Three were chosen, which, according to the ITS, were in the operational taxonomic units Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria/Dactylonectria and Sydowia polyspora. The 100% incidence was recorded in all the inoculated plants and the symptoms coincided with those in the field, while the control remained healthy. The similarity percentages of the ITS sequences of the fungi isolated from diseased plants, from the field, and of the fungi recovered from the pathogenicity test, were > 99%. At the ultrastructural level, it was observed that the roots lose the epidermis and are colonized by fungi. Conclusion. The inoculated fungi were pathogenic to Festival variety strawberry plants, they had the ability to damage the root epidermis and multiply internally.
Introduction. Strawberries are important in Costa Rica due to their high demand as fresh fruit and for making jams. In 2015, reports of plant death began, presumably associated with soil-dwelling fungal complexes. The symptoms were redness and necrosis of leaves, crowns, and roots, then the collapse of the plants. With losses of up to 90% in new plantations. Objective. To determine the pathogenicity of fungi associated with diseased strawberry plants and to describe the micromorphology of the pathosystem. Materials and methods. Diseased Festival variety plants were collected, and isolations were made from crown and root. The recovered morphotypes were classified, three were chosen for sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS) and execution of Koch’s Postulates, with 3.5 x 105 conidia/ml inoculated in alfalfa granules. The plants were kept for 19 weeks in a protected environment. Then, reisolation and sequencing of the inoculated fungi was performed, and the pathosystem was described by means of scanning electron microscopy. Results. Ten isolates of crown and 22 root fungi were obtained, which were classified into 9 morphotypes. Three were chosen, which, according to the ITS, were in the operational taxonomic units Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria/Dactylonectria and Sydowia polyspora. The 100% incidence was recorded in all the inoculated plants and the symptoms coincided with those in the field, while the control remained healthy. The similarity percentages of the ITS sequences of the fungi isolated from diseased plants, from the field, and of the fungi recovered from the pathogenicity test, were > 99%. At the ultrastructural level, it was observed that the roots lose the epidermis and are colonized by fungi. Conclusion. The inoculated fungi were pathogenic to Festival variety strawberry plants, they had the ability to damage the root epidermis and multiply internally.
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Microscopia electrónica, fitopatógenos, Fusarium oxysporum, Neonectria sp., Dactylonectria sp., Sydowia polyspora
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https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/agrocost/article/view/52043/52183
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