Análisis del impacto presupuestario del uso de ocrelizumab como terapia de segunda línea, en comparación con alemtuzumab, natalizumab y fingolimod en pacientes portadores de esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente activa (EMRR), tratados inicialmente con interferón beta 1b en la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social (CCSS)
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Medina Céspedes, Mario
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La esclerosis múltiple es la enfermedad inflamatoria crónica más prevalente del sistema nervioso central, y actualmente es incurable. En Costa Rica, a diciembre de 2017, la prevalencia de la enfermedad fue de 8,9 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Los tratamientos de la esclerosis múltiple son de uso crónico, lo cual implica un alto costo para la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. La evidencia demuestra la efectividad de los anticuerpos monoclonales, sin embargo, el costo de estos fármacos es elevado, por lo cual se utilizan como terapias de segunda línea. El objetivo de este trabajo es estimar el impacto presupuestario de la introducción de ocrelizumab en segunda línea para el tratamiento de los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple recurrente activa, previamente tratados con interferón beta-1b, en comparación con natalizumab, fingolimod y alemtuzumab, desde la perspectiva institucional, con un horizonte temporal de 5 años.
Se hipotetizó que la introducción de ocrelizumab representaría un ahorro presupuestario significativo a lo largo de 5 años. Se utilizó un modelo de Análisis de Impacto Presupuestario considerando los diferentes porcentajes de administración de medicamentos utilizados, comparando el escenario de un caso base, en el cual se incluye el tratamiento de primera línea con interferón beta 1b y los de segunda línea (alemtuzumab, fingolimod y natalizumab), frente al escenario alternativo con la introducción de ocrelizumab en segunda línea. La evaluación de los costos (en dólares de los Estados Unidos, al tipo de cambio vigente) incluyó los recursos médicos directos (medicación, administración, manejo de la enfermedad, de eventos adversos y brotes o recaídas), exceptuando los tratamientos concomitantes y costos de hospitalización. Los datos de todos los costos unitarios se tomaron de la información provista a través del Sistema de Información y Suministros de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social, la cual ya fue publicada por Pastor Quirós y Ugalde en 2017, para la utilización proyectada para cada modelo, tanto el caso base como el alternativo.
Para la obtención de los datos sobre los recursos locales utilizados en el manejo de la enfermedad, se utilizó́ la Guía Nacional de Práctica Clínica para el tratamiento de la Esclerosis Múltiple, de las estadísticas nacionales aportadas por Vasquez-Céspedes en 2017. Para comprobar la robustez de los resultados del modelo, se realizó una serie de análisis de sensibilidad determinísticos univariantes, que evalúan el impacto de los parámetros con más incertidumbre en el análisis. Los resultados indicaron que considerando una población diana de 360 pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente activa, los costos netos según el caso base, para un horizonte temporal, presupuestario de cinco años ascendieron a US$ 60.356.284,21, en el escenario con ocrelizumab fueron de US$ 57.445.976,96 lo cual representa una disminución en el impacto presupuestario de 4,82% (US$ 8.084, 18 por paciente a los cinco años). Es importante acotar que el 87% del costo total, está concentrado en el rubro de costos farmacológicos. Se concluyó la introducción de ocrelizumab representa un ahorro presupuestario significativo a lo largo de los próximos cinco años. Mayores beneficios en la reducción de recaídas y un régimen de dosificación muy manejable de corto plazo en la mayoría de los pacientes, permite recomendar, tanto clínica como económicamente, el uso racional y progresivo del producto en este contexto.
Multiple sclerosis is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and is currently incurable. In Costa Rica, as of December 2017, the prevalence of the disease was 8.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Treatments for multiple sclerosis are chronic and involve a high cost for the Costa Rican Social Security (C.C.S.S.). Evidence shows the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies; however, the cost of these drugs is high, so they are used as second-line therapies. The objective of this study is to estimate the budget impact of introducing ocrelizumab as a second-line treatment for patients with active relapsing multiple sclerosis previously treated with interferon beta-1b, compared to natalizumab, fingolimod, and alemtuzumab, from an institutional perspective over a 5-year horizon. It was hypothesized that the introduction of ocrelizumab would represent significant budget savings over 5 years. A Budget Impact Analysis model was used, considering different medication administration percentages, comparing the base case scenario, which includes first-line treatment with interferon beta-1b and second-line treatments (alemtuzumab, fingolimod, and natalizumab), against the alternative scenario with the introduction of ocrelizumab as a second-line treatment. Cost evaluation (in United States dollars at the prevailing exchange rate) included direct medical resources (medication, administration, disease management, adverse events, and relapses), excluding concomitant treatments and hospitalization costs. Unit cost data were obtained from information provided by the Costa Rican Social Security’s Information and Supply System, which was previously published by Pastor Quirós and Ugalde in 2017, for the projected utilization in both the base and alternative scenarios. The National Clinical Practice Guidelines for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis were used to obtain data on local resources used in disease management, along with national statistics provided by Vasquez-Céspedes in 2017. To test the robustness of the model's results, a series of deterministic univariate sensitivity analyses were performed, evaluating the impact of parameters with the highest uncertainty in the analysis. The results indicated that considering a target population of 360 patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the net costs according to the base case, for a 5-year budget horizon, amounted to US$60,356,284.21, while in the scenario with ocrelizumab, they amounted to US$57,445,976.96, representing a decrease in budget impact of 4.82% (US$8,084.18 per patient over 5 years). It is important to note that 87% of the total cost is concentrated in the pharmaceutical cost category. It was concluded that the introduction of ocrelizumab represents significant budget savings over the next five years. The greater benefits in reducing relapses and a very manageable short-term dosing regimen in most patients allow for the clinical and economic recommendation of rational and progressive use of the product in this context.
Multiple sclerosis is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and is currently incurable. In Costa Rica, as of December 2017, the prevalence of the disease was 8.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Treatments for multiple sclerosis are chronic and involve a high cost for the Costa Rican Social Security (C.C.S.S.). Evidence shows the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies; however, the cost of these drugs is high, so they are used as second-line therapies. The objective of this study is to estimate the budget impact of introducing ocrelizumab as a second-line treatment for patients with active relapsing multiple sclerosis previously treated with interferon beta-1b, compared to natalizumab, fingolimod, and alemtuzumab, from an institutional perspective over a 5-year horizon. It was hypothesized that the introduction of ocrelizumab would represent significant budget savings over 5 years. A Budget Impact Analysis model was used, considering different medication administration percentages, comparing the base case scenario, which includes first-line treatment with interferon beta-1b and second-line treatments (alemtuzumab, fingolimod, and natalizumab), against the alternative scenario with the introduction of ocrelizumab as a second-line treatment. Cost evaluation (in United States dollars at the prevailing exchange rate) included direct medical resources (medication, administration, disease management, adverse events, and relapses), excluding concomitant treatments and hospitalization costs. Unit cost data were obtained from information provided by the Costa Rican Social Security’s Information and Supply System, which was previously published by Pastor Quirós and Ugalde in 2017, for the projected utilization in both the base and alternative scenarios. The National Clinical Practice Guidelines for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis were used to obtain data on local resources used in disease management, along with national statistics provided by Vasquez-Céspedes in 2017. To test the robustness of the model's results, a series of deterministic univariate sensitivity analyses were performed, evaluating the impact of parameters with the highest uncertainty in the analysis. The results indicated that considering a target population of 360 patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the net costs according to the base case, for a 5-year budget horizon, amounted to US$60,356,284.21, while in the scenario with ocrelizumab, they amounted to US$57,445,976.96, representing a decrease in budget impact of 4.82% (US$8,084.18 per patient over 5 years). It is important to note that 87% of the total cost is concentrated in the pharmaceutical cost category. It was concluded that the introduction of ocrelizumab represents significant budget savings over the next five years. The greater benefits in reducing relapses and a very manageable short-term dosing regimen in most patients allow for the clinical and economic recommendation of rational and progressive use of the product in this context.
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esclerosis múltiple, comparación indirecta, interferón, natalizumab, fingolimod, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, impacto presupuestario, FARMACOLOGÍA
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