Características clínicas y microbiológicas de los pacientes que recibieron terapia de oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea en el servicio de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, de enero del 2019 a diciembre del 2021
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Lazo Páez, Adrián
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Antecedentes: La terapia de Oxigenación por Membrana Extracorpórea (ECMO) a lo largo de las últimas décadas se ha convertido cada vez más en una alternativa para pacientes en condición crítica, principalmente con un diagnóstico de un Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio Agudo (SDRA) o un shock cardiogénico. Pero a su vez, se ha asociado que los pacientes que reciben este tratamiento en las unidades de cuidados intensivos, tienen un mayor riesgo de infecciones por diferentes microorganismos; que les confieren una alta morbimortalidad. Por lo que en la presente investigación se abordarán las características demográficas y microbiológicas de la población, para determinar los datos epidemiológicos de la población en cuestión.
Objetivo: El objetivo principal de la investigación es analizar las características clínicas y microbiológicas de los pacientes que recibieron terapia ECMO en el Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, de Enero del 2019 a Diciembre del 2021. Como objetivos secundarios: Describir las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes que recibieron terapia con ECMO, además de evaluar la asociación de las condiciones del paciente que se consideran como factores predisponentes, de acuerdo a la literatura, con el riesgo de presentar infecciones durante la utilización de terapia ECMO. También caracterizar los procesos infecciosos bacterianos, fúngicos y virales, documentados en los pacientes que recibieron terapia ECMO y valorar la asociación entre los mismos y la mortalidad en estos pacientes.
Diseño: Es un estudio de cohorte observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, fundamentado en la estadística del servicio de Infectología y Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia.
Pacientes: Pacientes inmunocompetentes e inmunocomprometidos que hayan recibido terapia ECMO en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia en el período de Enero del 2019 a Diciembre del 2021.
Variables: Variables clínicas y de laboratorio de los sujetos que cumplen los criterios de inclusión, tomando en consideración escalas de severidad, comorbilidades de los mismos y hallazgos microbiológicos durante la terapia ECMO.
Resultados: Se analizaron 118 casos de sujetos que cumplían todos los criterios de inclusión para el estudio, porque se excluyeron 3 pacientes por fallecer en las primeras 48 horas de colocada la terapia ECMO. La mayoría de pacientes en un 63,56% fueron masculinos, predominantemente en el grupo entre 30 a 40 años de edad (36,44%) y en su mayoría tenían como comorbilidad hipertensión arterial (37,28%), infección por SARS-CoV2 (62,7%) y tratamiento inmunosupresor (66,1%). El tipo de ECMO más utilizado fue el Veno-venoso (83,05%) y se encontró una mortalidad general en los pacientes que recibieron terapia con ECMO de un 44,06%. Se documentó que en el 88,98% de los casos tuvieron al menos 1 cultivo positivo por bacterias y el promedio de escala de APACHE II para los pacientes fue de 23,59 y de SOFA de 10,80 puntos. Se encontró que el hecho de recibir terapia ECMO es un factor de riesgo para presentar cualquier tipo de infección piógena, fúngica o viral (p=0,005); al igual que la duración en días de la misma (p=0,0012). Y se encontró una tendencia a mayor cantidad de infecciones piógenas en pacientes que tenían tratamiento inmunosupresor. Las bacterias que se encontraron con mayor frecuencia fueron Staphylococcus aureus en el primer cultivo y posteriormente Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos y Klebsiella spp. en los siguientes cultivos; además de que los hongos más comunes fueron Candida albicans y Aspergillus spp. y los virus que replicaron estos pacientes fueron Citomegalovirus y Herpes Simplex tipo 1. Ningún proceso infeccioso bacteriano, fúngico o viral aumentó la mortalidad en la población analizada.
Limitaciones: Se trata de un estudio observacional y retrospectivo. Además de que muchas de las muestras de laboratorio tienen un procesamiento complejo que puede conllevar a error humano. Algunos de los datos fueron tomados del expediente digital único en Salud (EDUS), por lo que en caso de no documentar la información en el mismo, no se podría haber recopilado.
Conclusiones: Se documentó que la terapia ECMO y la mayor duración en días de la misma aumenta el riesgo de presentar infecciones bacterianas, fúngicas y virales; pero que el hecho de presentar una infección no aumenta la mortalidad en esta población, al menos en el presente estudio.
Background: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation therapy over the last decades has increasingly become an alternative for patients in critical condition, mainly with a diagnosis of ARDS or cardiogenic shock. But in turn, it has been associated that patients who receive this treatment in intensive care units have a higher risk of infections by different microorganisms; that give them high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in the present investigation the sociodemographic and microbiological characteristics of the population will be addressed, to determine the epidemiological data of the population in question. Objectives: The main objective of the research is to analyze the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy (ECMO) in the Intensive Care Unit of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital, from January 2019 to December 2021. But the secondary objectives are also desired: To describe the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the patients who received ECMO therapy, in addition to evaluating the association of the patient's conditions that are considered predisposing factors, according to the literature, with the risk of presenting infections during the use of ECMO therapy. Also to characterize the bacterial, fungal and viral infectious processes, documented in patients who received ECMO therapy and to assess the association between them and mortality in these patients. Design: It is an observational, descriptive and retrospective cohort study, based on statistics from the Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Service of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital.. Patients: Immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients who have received ECMO therapy in the intensive care unit of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. Variables: Clinical and laboratory variables of the subjects who meet the inclusion criteria, taking into account severity scales, their comorbidities, and microbiological findings during ECMO therapy. Results: 118 cases of subjects who met all the inclusion criteria for the study were analyzed, because 3 patients were excluded due to death in the first 48 hours after ECMO therapy was placed. The majority of patients, 63.56%, were male, predominantly in the group between 30 and 40 years of age, and most of them had arterial hypertension, SARS-CoV2 infection, and immunosuppressive treatment as comorbidities. The most used type of ECMO was the Veno-venous and a general mortality was found in the patients who received ECMO therapy of 44.06%. It was documented that in 88.98% of the cases they had at least 1 positive culture for bacteria and the average APACHE II scale for the patients was 23.59 and SOFA 10.80 points. It was found that receiving ECMO therapy is a risk factor for presenting any type of pyogenic, fungal or viral infection (p=0.005); as well as its duration in days (p=0.0012). And a tendency to a greater number of pyogenic infections was found in patients who had immunosuppressive treatment. The most frequently found bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus in the first culture and subsequently Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Klebsiella spp. in the following crops; in addition to the fact that the most common fungi were Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. and the viruses that these patients replicated were Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex type 1. No bacterial, fungal, or viral infectious process increased mortality in the population analyzed. Limitations: This is an observational and retrospective study. In addition to the fact that many of the laboratory samples have complex processing that can lead to human error. Some of the data was taken from the single digital file in Health (EDUS), so if the information was not documented in it, it could not have been collected. Conclusions: It was documented that ECMO therapy and its longer duration in days increase the risk of presenting bacterial, fungal and viral infections; but that the fact of presenting an infection does not increase mortality in this population, at least in the present study.
Background: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation therapy over the last decades has increasingly become an alternative for patients in critical condition, mainly with a diagnosis of ARDS or cardiogenic shock. But in turn, it has been associated that patients who receive this treatment in intensive care units have a higher risk of infections by different microorganisms; that give them high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in the present investigation the sociodemographic and microbiological characteristics of the population will be addressed, to determine the epidemiological data of the population in question. Objectives: The main objective of the research is to analyze the clinical and microbiological characteristics of patients who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy (ECMO) in the Intensive Care Unit of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital, from January 2019 to December 2021. But the secondary objectives are also desired: To describe the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the patients who received ECMO therapy, in addition to evaluating the association of the patient's conditions that are considered predisposing factors, according to the literature, with the risk of presenting infections during the use of ECMO therapy. Also to characterize the bacterial, fungal and viral infectious processes, documented in patients who received ECMO therapy and to assess the association between them and mortality in these patients. Design: It is an observational, descriptive and retrospective cohort study, based on statistics from the Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Service of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital.. Patients: Immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients who have received ECMO therapy in the intensive care unit of the Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. Variables: Clinical and laboratory variables of the subjects who meet the inclusion criteria, taking into account severity scales, their comorbidities, and microbiological findings during ECMO therapy. Results: 118 cases of subjects who met all the inclusion criteria for the study were analyzed, because 3 patients were excluded due to death in the first 48 hours after ECMO therapy was placed. The majority of patients, 63.56%, were male, predominantly in the group between 30 and 40 years of age, and most of them had arterial hypertension, SARS-CoV2 infection, and immunosuppressive treatment as comorbidities. The most used type of ECMO was the Veno-venous and a general mortality was found in the patients who received ECMO therapy of 44.06%. It was documented that in 88.98% of the cases they had at least 1 positive culture for bacteria and the average APACHE II scale for the patients was 23.59 and SOFA 10.80 points. It was found that receiving ECMO therapy is a risk factor for presenting any type of pyogenic, fungal or viral infection (p=0.005); as well as its duration in days (p=0.0012). And a tendency to a greater number of pyogenic infections was found in patients who had immunosuppressive treatment. The most frequently found bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus in the first culture and subsequently Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Klebsiella spp. in the following crops; in addition to the fact that the most common fungi were Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. and the viruses that these patients replicated were Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex type 1. No bacterial, fungal, or viral infectious process increased mortality in the population analyzed. Limitations: This is an observational and retrospective study. In addition to the fact that many of the laboratory samples have complex processing that can lead to human error. Some of the data was taken from the single digital file in Health (EDUS), so if the information was not documented in it, it could not have been collected. Conclusions: It was documented that ECMO therapy and its longer duration in days increase the risk of presenting bacterial, fungal and viral infections; but that the fact of presenting an infection does not increase mortality in this population, at least in the present study.
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ECMO, Piógenos, Hongos, Virus
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