Presión de distensión y poder mecánico: nuevos objetivos en la prevención de la lesión pulmonar inducida por la ventilación mecánica entre los pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Una revisión sistemática
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Fernández Cordero, Roberto
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La ventilación mecánica es un soporte orgánico importante dentro del ámbito de la terapia intensiva, para la asistencia ventilatoria en pacientes que han perdido autonomía respiratoria, hasta que esta sea restablecida. Pero, así como la VMI puede ser de gran aporte, su mal uso podría desencadenar efectos deletéreos tanto a nivel local pulmonar como sistémico, conllevando potenciales complicaciones.
El SDRA representa aproximadamente el 10% de las admisiones en la UCI y el 23% de los pacientes ventilados, con una mortalidad de hasta el 45%. El reconocimiento de que los pacientes con SDRA son susceptibles a una lesión pulmonar adicional inducida por la VMI ha llevado a estrategias de protección pulmonar diseñadas para reducir el estrés total y la tensión en el “pulmón de bebé”.
La presente investigación tiene como finalidad analizar la evidencia existente sobre las estrategias de ventilación mecánica de protección pulmonar en pacientes con SDRA, con especial énfasis en la presión de distensión y el poder mecánico. Además, el alcance de esta revisión se limita a pacientes adultos y a estrategias de soporte respiratorio no farmacológico (excepto bloqueadores neuromusculares, que son coadyuvantes de la VMI).
La metodología empleada para llevar a cabo el estudio consiste en una revisión narrativa de los artículos más relevantes y recientes sobre la temática, consultados en las bases de datos Medline, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, así como una revisión de las guías de mayor importancia.
Se concluye con la investigación que el DP y el PM como marcadores de VILI son matemática, fisiológica y conceptualmente diferentes. A pesar de que el método más utilizado para programar el VT es el PCI, se ha demostrado ampliamente que su uso no se correlaciona con el volumen pulmonar funcional. Un mejor acercamiento puede involucrar estrategias complementarias donde se individualice su manejo y se considere como objetivo final, limitar el estrés y la tensión pulmonar o el DP y el consecuente PM, como potenciales subrogados de VILI.
Es indispensable, además, un enfoque personalizado de ventilación mecánica para pacientes con SDRA basado en la fisiología y morfología pulmonar, la etiología del síndrome, las imágenes pulmonares y los fenotipos biológicos para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes. Los datos actuales basados en la población no están reflejando necesariamente pacientes individuales con diferentes tipos de lesión pulmonar y comorbilidades.
Mechanical ventilation is an important organic support in the intensive care setting, it provided ventilatory support for patients who have lost respiratory autonomy, until it is restored. But just as it can be of great contribution, its misuse can trigger deleterious effects both locally in the lungs and systemically, leading to potential complications. ARDS represents approximately 10% of ICU admissions and 23% of ventilated patients, with a mortality of up to 45%. The recognition that ARDS patients are susceptible to additional VILI has led to lung protective strategies designed to reduce the total stress and strain on the “baby lung”. The purpose of this research is to analyze the existing evidence on lung protective mechanical ventilation strategies in patients with ARDS, with special emphasis on driving pressure and mechanical power. The scope of this review is limited to adult patients and non-pharmacological respiratory support strategies (except neuromuscular blockers, which are adjunctive to mechanical ventilation). The methodology used to design the study consists of a narrative review of the most relevant and recent articles on the subject, consulted in the Medline, The Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases, as well as a review of the most important guidelines. The conclusions are that DP and MP as VILI markers are mathematically, physiologically and conceptually different. Despite the fact that the most widely used method for programming TV is IBW, it has been widely demonstrated that its use does not correlate with functional lung volume; a better approach may involve complementary strategies where its management is individualized and the ultimate goal is to limit lung stress and strain (DP) and the consequent PM, as potential surrogates of VILI. In addition, a personalized approach to mechanical ventilation for patients with ARDS based on lung physiology and morphology, etiology of the syndrome, lung imaging, and biological phenotypes is essential to improve patient prognosis. Current population-based data are not necessarily reflecting individual patients with different types of lung injury and comorbidities.
Mechanical ventilation is an important organic support in the intensive care setting, it provided ventilatory support for patients who have lost respiratory autonomy, until it is restored. But just as it can be of great contribution, its misuse can trigger deleterious effects both locally in the lungs and systemically, leading to potential complications. ARDS represents approximately 10% of ICU admissions and 23% of ventilated patients, with a mortality of up to 45%. The recognition that ARDS patients are susceptible to additional VILI has led to lung protective strategies designed to reduce the total stress and strain on the “baby lung”. The purpose of this research is to analyze the existing evidence on lung protective mechanical ventilation strategies in patients with ARDS, with special emphasis on driving pressure and mechanical power. The scope of this review is limited to adult patients and non-pharmacological respiratory support strategies (except neuromuscular blockers, which are adjunctive to mechanical ventilation). The methodology used to design the study consists of a narrative review of the most relevant and recent articles on the subject, consulted in the Medline, The Cochrane Library, and PubMed databases, as well as a review of the most important guidelines. The conclusions are that DP and MP as VILI markers are mathematically, physiologically and conceptually different. Despite the fact that the most widely used method for programming TV is IBW, it has been widely demonstrated that its use does not correlate with functional lung volume; a better approach may involve complementary strategies where its management is individualized and the ultimate goal is to limit lung stress and strain (DP) and the consequent PM, as potential surrogates of VILI. In addition, a personalized approach to mechanical ventilation for patients with ARDS based on lung physiology and morphology, etiology of the syndrome, lung imaging, and biological phenotypes is essential to improve patient prognosis. Current population-based data are not necessarily reflecting individual patients with different types of lung injury and comorbidities.
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CIENCIAS MÉDICAS, LESIÓN, VENTILACIÓN MECÁNICA, ERGOTRAUMA
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