Rol del hierro intravenoso en el escenario perioperatorio: protocolo para el manejo de los pacientes prequirúrgicos con anemia y deficiencia de hierro
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Salas González, Luis Mauricio
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Abstract
La anemia preoperatoria es una condición frecuente, se presenta hasta en un50% de los pacientes prequirúrgicos. En el Hospital México, el tratamiento tradicional de los pacientes preoperatorios con anemia se limita a la transfusión de glóbulos rojos el día previo a la cirugía. Sin embargo, la transfusión de glóbulos rojos está estrechamente relacionada con eventos adversos serios, incluyendo (pero no limitados a) un aumento en la tasa de mortalidad, las estancias hospitalarias, los ingresos a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, sobrecarga de fluidos y riesgo de infección.Desde el escenario del Departamento de Anestesia del Hospital de México (hospital hospitalario) y a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, se pretende analizarla evidencia bibliográfica publicada en los últimos 20 años sobre el uso y los beneficios de las formulaciones de hierro intravenoso en el tratamiento de la anemia preoperatoria, haciendo una revisión complementaria de lasotras terapias farmacológicas.Se incluyó la información de 87 recursos bibliográficos publicados desde 1999 y hasta 2020 (a saber: 38 artículos de revisión, 37 estudios intervencionistas, 7 metaanálisis, 3 consensos sobre opinión de expertos, 4 guías de manejo internacionales y una revisión sistemática de Cochrane), tras la aprobación porparte del Comité Directivodel Posgrado de Anestesia. La metodología de investigación y las conclusiones correspondientes están descritas en cada sección, según la información que aportan.De acuerdo con la evidenciaanalizada, se propone un nuevo protocolo para el manejo de los pacientes preoperatorios con anemia y/o déficit de hierro,basado en el tratamiento con hierro intravenoso. El uso preoperatorio de carboximaltosa férrica y sacarosa férrica es efectivo para elevar los niveles preoperatorios de hemoglobina y repletar los depósitos corporales de hierro, reduciendo así la necesidad de transfusiones sanguíneas posoperatorias, los ingresos a cuidados intensivos y la estancia hospitalaria. Otros efectos a largo plazo de la terapia con hierro intravenosos se encuentran bajo estudio.
Preoperative anemia is a common, well-known condition present in up to 50% of preoperative patients. At the HospitalMexico, traditional treatment of preoperative anemia is limited to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion the day before the surgery. However, RBC transfusions are related to serious adverse events, including (but not limited to) increased mortality, increased length ofstay, increased admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU), fluid overload, and risk of infection. From Anesthesia Department, Hospital México, hospital university hospital, based on descriptive and retrospective study, it claims to analyze bibliographical evidence published in the last 20 years regarding the use and benefits of intravenous iron formulationsin the treatment of preoperative anemia, making a complementary review of other pharmacological treatments. Data of 87 bibliographicalresources published from 1999 to 2020 (namely: 38 data reviews, 37 interventional studies, 7 metanalyses, 3 consensuses on expert opinions, 4 international guidelines, and 1 Cochrane systematic review) were included after the approval from the Graduation Project Committee. Investigative methodology and corresponding conclusions are described in each section, as per the information they provide. According to the project anew management protocol for preoperative anemia and/or iron deficiency based on intravenous iron therapyis proposed.As conclusion, preoperative use of ferrous carboxymaltose and iron sucrose is effective in rising preoperative levels of hemoglobin and restoring body iron deposits, thus reducing the post-operatory rate of RBC transfusions, ICU admissions, and length of stay. Other long-term effects of preoperative iron therapy are still under study.
Preoperative anemia is a common, well-known condition present in up to 50% of preoperative patients. At the HospitalMexico, traditional treatment of preoperative anemia is limited to red blood cell (RBC) transfusion the day before the surgery. However, RBC transfusions are related to serious adverse events, including (but not limited to) increased mortality, increased length ofstay, increased admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU), fluid overload, and risk of infection. From Anesthesia Department, Hospital México, hospital university hospital, based on descriptive and retrospective study, it claims to analyze bibliographical evidence published in the last 20 years regarding the use and benefits of intravenous iron formulationsin the treatment of preoperative anemia, making a complementary review of other pharmacological treatments. Data of 87 bibliographicalresources published from 1999 to 2020 (namely: 38 data reviews, 37 interventional studies, 7 metanalyses, 3 consensuses on expert opinions, 4 international guidelines, and 1 Cochrane systematic review) were included after the approval from the Graduation Project Committee. Investigative methodology and corresponding conclusions are described in each section, as per the information they provide. According to the project anew management protocol for preoperative anemia and/or iron deficiency based on intravenous iron therapyis proposed.As conclusion, preoperative use of ferrous carboxymaltose and iron sucrose is effective in rising preoperative levels of hemoglobin and restoring body iron deposits, thus reducing the post-operatory rate of RBC transfusions, ICU admissions, and length of stay. Other long-term effects of preoperative iron therapy are still under study.
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Keywords
Hierro intravenso, anemia, carboximaltosa