Influencia de características del hábitat urbano sobre la composición de escamas armadas (Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) y regulación por enemigos naturales en las palmas Dypsis lutescens y Phoenix roebelenii
Fecha
2024
Autores
Solano Gutiérrez, Minor Vicente
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El paisaje urbano es un hábitat alterado por el humano derivado de tierras naturales o agrícolas, que destaca principalmente por las plantas como su componente biológico más visible. Las palmas ornamentales, vitales en contextos urbanos tropicales, contribuyen a la biodiversidad y ofrecen servicios ecosistémicos esenciales. Sin embargo, la presencia de escamas armadas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) como plagas perturba este equilibrio, destacando la necesidad de un enfoque ecológico en el manejo de plagas en espacios verdes urbanos. Se hipotetiza que las características del hábitat urbano, como la cobertura vegetal a nivel del paisaje, la complejidad estructural de la comunidad vegetal y el porcentaje de superficie impermeable, podrían funcionar como factores reguladores para las poblaciones de escamas armadas al disminuir la abundancia de estas y promover el control por enemigos naturales. Se estudió el impacto de estas características del hábitat urbano en la abundancia y composición de especies de escamas armadas y la mortalidad por enemigos naturales en las palmas Dypsis lutescens y Phoenix roebelenii en áreas urbanas de Costa Rica, dos de las especies de palmas más comúnmente encontradas en estos entornos. Se identificaron un total de 12 especies de escamas armadas. Se confirma la presencia de Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpre & Charmoy), reportada por primera vez en 1953 en material vegetal interceptado de Costa Rica. Esta especie se identificó en P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero) y D. lutescens. De manera similar, Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) se identificó en D. lutescens (nuevo registro de hospedero) y P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero). P. bowreyi se registró anteriormente solo en material vegetal interceptado de Costa Rica. Además, se identificó a Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) en ambas especies de palmas, Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) en P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero), Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) en P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero) y D. lutescens, H. palmae (Cockerell) en P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero) y D. lutescens, Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) en D. lutescens, P. apidistrae (Signoret) en D. lutescens y P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero), Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret en P. roebelenii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) en P. roebelenii (nuevo registro de hospedero) y D. lutescens (nuevo registro de hospedero), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) en P. roebelenii (nuevos registros de hospedero) y Aspidiotus destructor Signoret en ambas especies de palmas. Se obtuvieron los parasitoides Aphytis sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) de C. dictyospermi e I. longirostris y Signiphora sp. (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) de H. cyanophylli e I. longirostris. Esto marca el primer registro de la asociación ecológica entre Signiphora e I. longirostris. Nuestro estudio reveló un aumento significativo en la abundancia de escamas armadas en respuesta a la disminución de la complejidad estructural de la comunidad vegetal y el aumento de la superficie impermeable. Estas tendencias de abundancia reflejan la naturaleza especializada de las escamas armadas, destacando su adaptabilidad a condiciones urbanas alteradas. Sin embargo, la simplificación del entorno urbano presenta desafíos para niveles tróficos superiores, evidenciados por tasas bajas de parasitismo. Las tasas de depredación se vieron afectadas por los porcentajes de superficie impermeable, la riqueza de plantas y la abundancia de palmas en el entorno, subrayando el papel crucial de la cobertura vegetal para conservar depredadores. Nuestros hallazgos enfatizan la necesidad de una planificación estratégica de conservación en los paisajes urbanos neotropicales para proteger el delicado equilibrio entre las escamas armadas, sus enemigos naturales y el paisaje.
The urban landscape is a human-altered habitat derived from natural or agricultural land, prominently featuring plants as its most visible biological component. Ornamental palms, vital in tropical urban contexts, contribute to biodiversity and offer essential ecosystem services. However, the presence of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) as pests disrupts this balance. Altered habitat conditions in urban landscapes confer physiological advantages to these insects, emphasizing the need for ecological pest management in urban green spaces. We hypothesized that urban habitat characteristics, such as local landscape vegetation cover, vegetational complexity and impervious surfaces, might function as regulatory factors for populations of armored scale insects by decreasing their abundance and promoting top-down control by natural enemies. Therefore, we studied the influence of these urban habitat characteristics on armored scale abundance, diversity, parasitism and predation on Dypsis lutescens and Phoenix roebelenii palms in Costa Rican urban areas, two of the most commonly planted palm species. A total of 12 species of armored scale insects was identified. The occurrence of Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpre & Charmoy), first reported in 1953 on intercepted plant material from Costa Rica, is confirmed. Here, this armored scale was identified on P. roebelenii (new host record) and D. lutescens. Similarly, Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) was identified on D. lutescens (new host record) and P. roebelenii (new host record). P. bowreyi was previously only recorded on intercepted plant material from Costa Rica. Additionally, Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) was identified on both palm species, Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) on P. roebelenii (new host record), Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) on P. roebelenii (new host record) and D. lutescens, H. palmae (Cockerell) on P. roebelenii (new host record) and D. lutescens, Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) on D. lutescens, P. apidistrae (Signoret) on D. lutescens and P. roebelenii (new host record), Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret on P. roebelenii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) on both palm species (new host records), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) on P. roebelenii (new host record), and Aspidiotus destructor Signoret on both palm species. Among the parasitoids observed, Aphytis sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was reared from C. dictyospermi and I. longirostris, and Signiphora sp. (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) from H. cyanophylli and I. longirostris. This is the first record of a species of Signiphora parasitizing I. longirostris. Our study revealed a significant increase in abundance in response to decreasing vegetational complexity and increasing local impervious surfaces. Nevertheless, the simplification of the urban environment presents challenges to higher trophic levels, evidenced by general low parasitism and predation rates. Notably, predation rates were significantly impacted by local impervious surfaces. The abundance trends reflect the specialized nature of armored scale insects, highlighting their adaptability to altered urban conditions and predation rates underscore the crucial role of vegetational cover in supporting generalist predators. Our findings emphasize the need for strategic conservation planning in Neotropical urban landscapes to protect the delicate balance between armored scales, their natural enemies, and the broader ecosystem.
The urban landscape is a human-altered habitat derived from natural or agricultural land, prominently featuring plants as its most visible biological component. Ornamental palms, vital in tropical urban contexts, contribute to biodiversity and offer essential ecosystem services. However, the presence of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) as pests disrupts this balance. Altered habitat conditions in urban landscapes confer physiological advantages to these insects, emphasizing the need for ecological pest management in urban green spaces. We hypothesized that urban habitat characteristics, such as local landscape vegetation cover, vegetational complexity and impervious surfaces, might function as regulatory factors for populations of armored scale insects by decreasing their abundance and promoting top-down control by natural enemies. Therefore, we studied the influence of these urban habitat characteristics on armored scale abundance, diversity, parasitism and predation on Dypsis lutescens and Phoenix roebelenii palms in Costa Rican urban areas, two of the most commonly planted palm species. A total of 12 species of armored scale insects was identified. The occurrence of Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpre & Charmoy), first reported in 1953 on intercepted plant material from Costa Rica, is confirmed. Here, this armored scale was identified on P. roebelenii (new host record) and D. lutescens. Similarly, Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) was identified on D. lutescens (new host record) and P. roebelenii (new host record). P. bowreyi was previously only recorded on intercepted plant material from Costa Rica. Additionally, Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) was identified on both palm species, Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) on P. roebelenii (new host record), Hemiberlesia cyanophylli (Signoret) on P. roebelenii (new host record) and D. lutescens, H. palmae (Cockerell) on P. roebelenii (new host record) and D. lutescens, Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) on D. lutescens, P. apidistrae (Signoret) on D. lutescens and P. roebelenii (new host record), Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret on P. roebelenii, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) on both palm species (new host records), Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) on P. roebelenii (new host record), and Aspidiotus destructor Signoret on both palm species. Among the parasitoids observed, Aphytis sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was reared from C. dictyospermi and I. longirostris, and Signiphora sp. (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) from H. cyanophylli and I. longirostris. This is the first record of a species of Signiphora parasitizing I. longirostris. Our study revealed a significant increase in abundance in response to decreasing vegetational complexity and increasing local impervious surfaces. Nevertheless, the simplification of the urban environment presents challenges to higher trophic levels, evidenced by general low parasitism and predation rates. Notably, predation rates were significantly impacted by local impervious surfaces. The abundance trends reflect the specialized nature of armored scale insects, highlighting their adaptability to altered urban conditions and predation rates underscore the crucial role of vegetational cover in supporting generalist predators. Our findings emphasize the need for strategic conservation planning in Neotropical urban landscapes to protect the delicate balance between armored scales, their natural enemies, and the broader ecosystem.
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CONTROL BIOLÓGICO, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, URBAN ENVIRONMENT, COSTA RICA, ORNAMENTAL PLANT