Deterioro cognitivo asociado a COVID-19, revisión de un caso clínico
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Balsevicius Siri, Valeria
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La pandemia por SARS-CoV 2 constituyó un reto en la atención de salud en múltiples campos, tras la infección se ha presentado síntomas en diferentes aparatos y sistemas que constituyen el síndrome post COVID.
Este se puede producir en relación con la amplia distribución de receptores ACE 2 en diferentes tejidos, la implicación del sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona en la cascada de inflamación y el efecto sistémico de esta a mediano y largo plazo, con la particularidad de alterar la homeostasis cerebral.
Una de sus manifestaciones lo constituyen los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos dentro de los cuales está el deterioro cognitivo que puede afectar dominios de atención, memoria y actividades ejecutivas, aún sin determinarse en qué grado o pronóstico. Existe una entidad conocida como niebla mental que podría corresponder con estas alteraciones, pero requiere definiciones operativas para sistematizar su estudio.
Ante la necesidad de estudiar el fenómeno y sin antecedentes de estudios en Costa Rica se plantea la presentación de un caso clínico el cual se trata de una femenina de 50 años con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y asma que el 3 junio 2021, a nueve días de haber sido diagnosticada con COVID-19, se ingresó al Hospital Maximiliano Peralta, por una infección causada por SARS-CoV-2 severa. Tras su egreso inicia un seguimiento ambulatorio de psiquiatría en el Hospital Especializado Dr. Roberto Chacón Paut en donde se aborda como un trastorno de estrés postrauma y un trastorno depresivo con escasa respuesta a la medicación, ameritando de una incapacidad prolongada. Durante su evolución, la paciente asocia síntomas de deterioro cognitivo tales como: fallos de memoria, problemas de atención y planeación de tareas que se identifican en la evaluación por parte de psicología clínica evidenciándose alteración cognitiva leve con fallos en los dominios de: atención, memoria y ejecución de tareas que objetivamente se catalogan como leves, a su vez, presenta datos clínicos de trastorno de estrés postrauma y síntomas afectivos hipertímicos displacenteros.
La paciente en cuestión presenta datos correspondientes con síndrome post COVID con compromiso cognitivo multidominio, trastorno de estrés postrauma y depresión. Los factores que presenta como elementos vinculados al síndrome post COVID son: una edad de 50 años, el sexo femenino, el haber requerido de una hospitalización con suplementación de oxígeno, elevación del Dímero D y antecedentes médicos personales de hipertensión arterial y asma.
Cabe destacar que el síndrome post COVID puede presentarse con manifestaciones mixtas como lo es el trastorno de estrés postrauma, la depresión y el compromiso cognitivo.
Monitorizar el déficit cognitivo en pacientes post-COVID se podría implementar en el protocolo de seguimiento de pacientes recuperados, y al momento del diagnóstico, sobre todo cuando requiere de hospitalización, implementar medidas de prevención y estadiaje.
Es necesario plantear estudios longitudinales para determinar la evolución a largo plazo, la relación con las diferentes variantes del virus y el efecto que tiene la vacunación en la presentación de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos en COVID-19.
The SARS-CoV 2 pandemic constituted a challenge in health care in multiple fields, after infection there have been symptoms in different apparatus and systems that constitute the post-COVID syndrome. This may occur in relation to the wide distribution of ACE 2 receptors in different tissues, the involvement of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in the inflammation cascade and the systemic effect of this in the medium and long term, with the particularity of altering brain homeostasis. One of its manifestations is the neuropsychiatric symptoms, including cognitive impairment that may affect attention, memory and executive activities, although the degree and prognosis have not yet been determined. There is an entity known as mental fog that could correspond to these alterations but requires operational definitions to systematize its study. In view of the need to study the phenomenon and with no previous studies in Costa Rica, a clinical case is presented. A 50-year-old woman with a history of arterial hypertension and asthma was admitted to the Maximiliano Peralta Hospital on June 3, 2021, nine days after being diagnosed with COVID-19, for infection due to severe SARS-CoV-2. After her discharge, she began outpatient psychiatric follow-up at the Dr. Roberto Chacón Paut Specialized Hospital, where she was treated as post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder with poor response to medication, requiring prolonged disability. In this evolution she associates symptoms of cognitive impairment referred by the patient as: memory failures, attention and task planning problems that are identified in the evaluation by clinical psychology with mild cognitive impairment with failures in the domains of: attention, memory and execution of tasks that objectively are classified as mild, at the same time presents clinical data of post-traumatic stress disorder and dysphoric hyperthymic affective symptoms. The patient in question presents data corresponding to post COVID syndrome with multidomain cognitive compromise, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. As factors that present as elements linked to post COVID syndrome, her age (50-year-old), that she was a female who required hospitalization with oxygen supplementation, D-dimer elevation and previous medical diagnoses of arterial hypertension and asthma. Post-COVID syndrome may present with mixed manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and cognitive compromise. Monitoring cognitive deficit in post-COVID patients could be implemented in the follow-up protocol of recovered patients, and at the time of diagnosis, especially when hospitalization is required, prevention and staging measures could be implemented. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the long-term evolution, the relationship with the different variants of the virus and the effect of vaccination on the presentation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19.
The SARS-CoV 2 pandemic constituted a challenge in health care in multiple fields, after infection there have been symptoms in different apparatus and systems that constitute the post-COVID syndrome. This may occur in relation to the wide distribution of ACE 2 receptors in different tissues, the involvement of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in the inflammation cascade and the systemic effect of this in the medium and long term, with the particularity of altering brain homeostasis. One of its manifestations is the neuropsychiatric symptoms, including cognitive impairment that may affect attention, memory and executive activities, although the degree and prognosis have not yet been determined. There is an entity known as mental fog that could correspond to these alterations but requires operational definitions to systematize its study. In view of the need to study the phenomenon and with no previous studies in Costa Rica, a clinical case is presented. A 50-year-old woman with a history of arterial hypertension and asthma was admitted to the Maximiliano Peralta Hospital on June 3, 2021, nine days after being diagnosed with COVID-19, for infection due to severe SARS-CoV-2. After her discharge, she began outpatient psychiatric follow-up at the Dr. Roberto Chacón Paut Specialized Hospital, where she was treated as post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder with poor response to medication, requiring prolonged disability. In this evolution she associates symptoms of cognitive impairment referred by the patient as: memory failures, attention and task planning problems that are identified in the evaluation by clinical psychology with mild cognitive impairment with failures in the domains of: attention, memory and execution of tasks that objectively are classified as mild, at the same time presents clinical data of post-traumatic stress disorder and dysphoric hyperthymic affective symptoms. The patient in question presents data corresponding to post COVID syndrome with multidomain cognitive compromise, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. As factors that present as elements linked to post COVID syndrome, her age (50-year-old), that she was a female who required hospitalization with oxygen supplementation, D-dimer elevation and previous medical diagnoses of arterial hypertension and asthma. Post-COVID syndrome may present with mixed manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and cognitive compromise. Monitoring cognitive deficit in post-COVID patients could be implemented in the follow-up protocol of recovered patients, and at the time of diagnosis, especially when hospitalization is required, prevention and staging measures could be implemented. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the long-term evolution, the relationship with the different variants of the virus and the effect of vaccination on the presentation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19.
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COVID-19, Deterioro cognitivo, sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, SARS-CoV 2
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