Diagnóstico y Manejo Anestésico de la Coagulopatía Durante la Cirugía de Trasplante Cardiaco
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López Castro, Daniel Hernán
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Abstract
Justificación: La enfermedad cardiovascular es la principal causa de muerte a nivel mundial, el trasplante cardiaco ortotópico continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección en pacientes con enfermedad cardiaca en estadio terminal, que no presentan contraindicaciones para su realización. El Hospital Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia es el único centro médico nacional donde se realiza este procedimiento en el paciente adulto. La aparición de coagulopatía afecta la evolución posterior al trasplante en cuanto a morbimortalidad, tanto a corto como a largo plazo. Se ha estudiado la enorme importancia socioeconómico y anestésico-quirúrgica del manejo apropiado del sangrado y la coagulopatía en este escenario.
Es imprescindible reconocer los factores de riesgo para su desarrollo, utilizar oportunamente las herramientas diagnósticas más sensibles e instaurar de forma expedita las medidas terapéuticas para su corrección, evitando una terapia indiscriminada que lleve a un estado de hipercoagulabilidad.
Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica descriptiva utilizando artículos de revistas médicas revisadas por pares, guías de manejo internacionales y consensos de expertos publicados en los últimos 10 años (desde el 1 de enero del 2013 hasta el 15 de julio del 2023) en idioma inglés y español. Para recopilar la información se utilizaron bases de datos de información biomédica: PubMed, Embase y Cochrane Reviews.
Conclusiones: (1) La coagulopatía carece de criterios claros para definir su aparición, se beneficiaría de circunscribirse en un marco diagnóstico claro para evitar la heterogeneidad en su reporte, (2) esto ha ocasionado una limitación para generar datos epidemiológicos. (3) La valoración prequirúrgica del paciente debe realizarse en un marco de temporalidad que permita la corrección de los factores modificables. (4) El sangrado y la coagulopatía pueden ser parte de un mismo flujo de eventos, por este motivo (5) el análisis al lado del paciente es una herramienta crucial, la evidencia actual indica que el manejo de la hemostasia puede orientarse con base en el algoritmo A5 de ROTEM. (6) Su aparición aumenta la morbimortalidad a corto y largo plazo e incrementa el costo sanitario.
ABSTRACT Rationale: Cardiovascular disease remains the main cause of death worldwide, orthotopic heart transplantation continues to be the treatment of choice in patients with end-stage heart disease, who do not have contraindications for its performance. The Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital is the only national medical center where this procedure is performed on adult patients. The appearance of coagulopathy affects post-transplant evolution in terms of morbidity and mortality, both in the short and long term. The enormous socioeconomic and anesthetic-surgical importance of appropriate management of bleeding and coagulopathy in this setting has been identified. It is essential to recognize the risk factors for its development, use the most sensitive diagnostic tools in a timely manner and promptly establish therapeutic measures for its correction, avoiding indiscriminate therapy that leads to a state of hypercoagulability. Methodology: Descriptive bibliographic review using articles from peer-reviewed medical journals, international management guidelines and expert consensus published in the last 10 years (from January 1, 2013, to July 15, 2023) in English and Spanish. To collect the information, databases of biomedical information were used: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Reviews. Conclusion: (1) Coagulopathy lacks clear criteria to define its appearance, benefits arise from circumscribing in a diagnostic framework to avoid heterogeneity in its report, (2) this has caused a limitation to generate appropriate epidemiological data. (3) The pre-surgical assessment of the patient must be carried out within a time frame that allows the correction of modifiable factors. (4) Bleeding and coagulopathy can be part of the same flow of events, for this reason (5) analysis at the point of care (POC) is a crucial tool, current evidence indicates that hemostasis management can be guided based on ROTEM's A5 algorithm. (6) Its appearance increases the cost of care and morbimortality in the short and long term.
ABSTRACT Rationale: Cardiovascular disease remains the main cause of death worldwide, orthotopic heart transplantation continues to be the treatment of choice in patients with end-stage heart disease, who do not have contraindications for its performance. The Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia Hospital is the only national medical center where this procedure is performed on adult patients. The appearance of coagulopathy affects post-transplant evolution in terms of morbidity and mortality, both in the short and long term. The enormous socioeconomic and anesthetic-surgical importance of appropriate management of bleeding and coagulopathy in this setting has been identified. It is essential to recognize the risk factors for its development, use the most sensitive diagnostic tools in a timely manner and promptly establish therapeutic measures for its correction, avoiding indiscriminate therapy that leads to a state of hypercoagulability. Methodology: Descriptive bibliographic review using articles from peer-reviewed medical journals, international management guidelines and expert consensus published in the last 10 years (from January 1, 2013, to July 15, 2023) in English and Spanish. To collect the information, databases of biomedical information were used: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Reviews. Conclusion: (1) Coagulopathy lacks clear criteria to define its appearance, benefits arise from circumscribing in a diagnostic framework to avoid heterogeneity in its report, (2) this has caused a limitation to generate appropriate epidemiological data. (3) The pre-surgical assessment of the patient must be carried out within a time frame that allows the correction of modifiable factors. (4) Bleeding and coagulopathy can be part of the same flow of events, for this reason (5) analysis at the point of care (POC) is a crucial tool, current evidence indicates that hemostasis management can be guided based on ROTEM's A5 algorithm. (6) Its appearance increases the cost of care and morbimortality in the short and long term.
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Keywords
trasplante cardiaco, manejo anestésico, coagulopatía, pruebas viscoelásticas, fisiología de la coagulación, hemocomponentes, hemoderivados, ANESTESIOLOGÍA, CIENCIAS MÉDICAS