Encuesta dirigida al personal de salud de Costa Rica respecto al manejo de la drepanocitosis en el paciente pediátrico
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Cortés Morales, Estefany Isabel
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Abstract
La drepanocitosis es un trastorno hereditario autosómico recesivo que forma parte de las hemoglobinopatías1. Esta enfermedad se debe a una alteración estructural en las cadenas β, lo que produce la denominada Hemoglobina S (HbS)2 . La presencia de HbS hace que los glóbulos rojos sean anormales en situaciones de desoxigenación, adquiriendo una forma de medialuna o de hoz (también llamados glóbulos rojos falciformes o drepanocitos). Los glóbulos rojos falciformes tienden a lisarse con mayor facilidad, lo que provoca anemia. Además, debido a su forma anormal y rigidez, estas células falciformes pueden obstruir los vasos sanguíneos pequeños, afectando el flujo sanguíneo y la entrega adecuada de oxígeno a los tejidos, lo que a su vez, provoca un daño orgánico progresivo3.
La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha priorizado la necesidad de elaborar, aplicar y reforzar programas nacionales integrales para la gestión y prevención de la anemia drepanocítica desde hace más de 15 años4. Debido a la gravedad y la amplia repercusión de esta enfermedad en la salud pública, se realizó el presente estudio, el cual tiene como objetivo documentar el conocimiento general del personal de salud en contacto con pacientes pediátricos que padecen drepanocitosis a nivel país. Forma parte de una estrategia inicial para un plan piloto de capacitación enfocado en el diagnóstico, manejo y seguimiento de estos pacientes, especialmente aquellos que, debido a sus características demográficas y socioeconómicas, enfrentan dificultades en el acceso al servicio de Hematología del Hospital Nacional de Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”.
Objetivo
Evaluar el conocimiento general del personal de salud en el manejo de la drepanocitosis en pediatría.
Metodología
Se realizó una encuesta y evaluación digital a médicos generales y pediatras de Costa Rica sobre el manejo de drepanocitosis en el paciente pediátrico mediante la plataforma Survey Monkey.
Resultados
Se obtuvo un total de 148 evaluaciones, se excluyeron las evaluaciones incompletas y aquellos que no aceptaron participar, para una muestra final de 100 evaluaciones, correspondientes a 59 pediatras y 41 médicos generales que laboran en las siete provincias del país.
De los encuestados, el 50.9% de los pediatras y el 70.7% de los médicos generales indicaron desconocían la guía de manejo del paciente pediátrico con Drepanocitosis, manejo basado en la evidencia, Costa Rica, 2020. (ver Figura 1)
El desconocimiento de la guía de manejo se vio reflejado al preguntar aspectos de seguimiento y manejo, en el caso de la profilaxis antibiótica con amoxicilina en el paciente con drepanocitosis, donde solo un 25.4% de los pediatras y un 14.6% de los médicos generales indicaron correctamente la profilaxis antibiótica con amoxicilina; de forma similar con el esquema de vacunación, donde, hasta un 27.1% de los pediatras y un 56% de los médicos generales desconocen el esquema.
En cuanto al manejo de emergencias en pacientes pediátricos con drepanocitosis, con crisis vaso-oclusiva y dolor lumbar severo, el 67.7% de los pediatras y el 56% de los médicos generales contestaron de forma adecuada cuál sería el manejo más integral para el paciente.
Caso contrario, en el manejo de los accidentes cerebro vasculares (AVC) como complicación grave, donde solo un 32.2% de los pediatras y un 24.4% de los médicos generales indicaron la mejor conducta a seguir.
Conclusiones
Este estudio demostró que la mayoría de los médicos de ambos grupos evaluados impresiona conocer las generalidades de la patología, sin embargo, desconocen la actual “Guía de manejo del paciente pediátrico con Drepanocitosis, basado en la evidencia, Costa Rica”, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de capacitación tanto de pediatras como médicos generales para mejorar el manejo, seguimiento y atención de complicaciones graves del paciente pediátrico con drepanocitosis en los diferentes niveles de atención de la seguridad social.
Sickle cell disease is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder that is part of hemoglobinopathies1. This disease is due to a structural alteration in the β chains, which produces the so-called Haemoglobin S (HbS)2. The presence of HbS makes red blood cells abnormal in deoxygenation situations, acquiring a crescent or sickle form (also called sickle red blood cells or sickle cells). Sickle cells tend to become smoother, causing anaemia. In addition, due to their abnormal shape and stiffness, these sickle cells can clog small blood vessels, affecting blood flow and the proper delivery of oxygen to tissues; this in turn, causes progressive organic damage3. The World Health Organization has prioritized the need to develop, implement and strengthen comprehensive national programs for the management and prevention of sickle cell anaemia for more than 15 years4 . Due to the severity and wide impact of this disease on public health, the present study was conducted, which aims to document the general knowledge of health care staff in contact with pediatric patients suffering from sickle cell disease at the country level. It is part of an initial strategy for a pilot training plan focused on the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of these patients, especially those who, due to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, face difficulties in accessing the hematology service of the National Children’s Hospital "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera". Objective Evaluate the general knowledge of health personnel in the management of sickle cell disease in pediatrics. Methodology Conducted a digital survey and evaluation of general practitioners and pediatricians in Costa Rica on the management of sickle cell disease in pediatric patients through the Survey Monkey platform. Results A total of 148 evaluations were obtained, incomplete evaluations and those who do not accept to participate were excluded for a total sample of 100, representing 67.6% of respondents, representing 59 pediatricians and 41 general practitioners working in the seven provinces of the country. Of the respondents, 50.9% of pediatricians and 70.7% of general practitioners indicated they were unaware of the management guidelines for pediatric patients with Drepanocytosis, evidence-based management, Costa Rica, 2020. (see Figure 1). The lack of knowledge of a management guide was reflected when asked about follow-up and management aspects, in the case of antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin in the patient with sickle cell disease, where only 25.4% of pediatricians and 14.6% of general practitioners correctly indicated antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin; similarly with the vaccination scheme, where up to 27.1% of pediatricians and 56% of general practitioners do not know the scheme. Regarding emergency management in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease, with vessel-occlusive crisis and severe lumbar pain, 67.7% of pediatricians and 56% of general practitioners responded to the most comprehensive management for the patient. Otherwise, in the management of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) as a serious complication, where only 32.2% of pediatricians and 24.4% of general practitioners indicated the best behavior to follow. Conclusions This study showed that most of the health practitioners of both groups evaluated impresses to know the generalities of the pathology, however, they do not know the current management guide of the pediatric patient with Drepanocytosis, based on evidence, Costa Rica, highlighting the need for training of both pediatricians and general practitioners to improve the management, follow-up and care of serious complications of the pediatric patient with sickle cell disease at the different levels of social security care.
Sickle cell disease is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder that is part of hemoglobinopathies1. This disease is due to a structural alteration in the β chains, which produces the so-called Haemoglobin S (HbS)2. The presence of HbS makes red blood cells abnormal in deoxygenation situations, acquiring a crescent or sickle form (also called sickle red blood cells or sickle cells). Sickle cells tend to become smoother, causing anaemia. In addition, due to their abnormal shape and stiffness, these sickle cells can clog small blood vessels, affecting blood flow and the proper delivery of oxygen to tissues; this in turn, causes progressive organic damage3. The World Health Organization has prioritized the need to develop, implement and strengthen comprehensive national programs for the management and prevention of sickle cell anaemia for more than 15 years4 . Due to the severity and wide impact of this disease on public health, the present study was conducted, which aims to document the general knowledge of health care staff in contact with pediatric patients suffering from sickle cell disease at the country level. It is part of an initial strategy for a pilot training plan focused on the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of these patients, especially those who, due to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, face difficulties in accessing the hematology service of the National Children’s Hospital "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera". Objective Evaluate the general knowledge of health personnel in the management of sickle cell disease in pediatrics. Methodology Conducted a digital survey and evaluation of general practitioners and pediatricians in Costa Rica on the management of sickle cell disease in pediatric patients through the Survey Monkey platform. Results A total of 148 evaluations were obtained, incomplete evaluations and those who do not accept to participate were excluded for a total sample of 100, representing 67.6% of respondents, representing 59 pediatricians and 41 general practitioners working in the seven provinces of the country. Of the respondents, 50.9% of pediatricians and 70.7% of general practitioners indicated they were unaware of the management guidelines for pediatric patients with Drepanocytosis, evidence-based management, Costa Rica, 2020. (see Figure 1). The lack of knowledge of a management guide was reflected when asked about follow-up and management aspects, in the case of antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin in the patient with sickle cell disease, where only 25.4% of pediatricians and 14.6% of general practitioners correctly indicated antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin; similarly with the vaccination scheme, where up to 27.1% of pediatricians and 56% of general practitioners do not know the scheme. Regarding emergency management in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease, with vessel-occlusive crisis and severe lumbar pain, 67.7% of pediatricians and 56% of general practitioners responded to the most comprehensive management for the patient. Otherwise, in the management of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) as a serious complication, where only 32.2% of pediatricians and 24.4% of general practitioners indicated the best behavior to follow. Conclusions This study showed that most of the health practitioners of both groups evaluated impresses to know the generalities of the pathology, however, they do not know the current management guide of the pediatric patient with Drepanocytosis, based on evidence, Costa Rica, highlighting the need for training of both pediatricians and general practitioners to improve the management, follow-up and care of serious complications of the pediatric patient with sickle cell disease at the different levels of social security care.
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Keywords
Drepanocitosis, Drepanocitosis en pediatría, Manejo Drepanocitosis, PEDIATRÍA