Identificación morfológica y molecular de nematodos de la subfamilia Heteroderinae (familia Hoplolaimidae), patogenicidad y ciclo de vida de dos poblaciones de Heterodera
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Núñez Rodríguez, Lester
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A nivel mundial, uno de los grupos de nematodos fitoparásitos más importantes son los formadores de quistes, y entre las razones están su capacidad de sobrevivir por más de 20 años en ausencia de un hospedero, y su efecto negativo en el desarrollo del cultivo y reducción en los rendimientos. Hasta este estudio, en Costa Rica se había descrito morfológica y molecularmente solamente una especie de formadora de quistes, Globodera pallida. Por lo anteriormente descrito y aunado con las malas experiencias que han tenido los productores nacionales de papa con G. pallida, se desarrolló este trabajo, con el fin de caracterizar morfológica y molecularmente nematodos de la subfamilia Heteroderinae (familia: Hoplolaimidae), y evaluar la patogenicidad y ciclo de vida de dos poblaciones de Heterodera sp. de la provincia de Cartago. Se caracterizaron por métodos morfológicos tres poblaciones de Heterodera sp. y cinco por métodos moleculares con el uso de tres regiones distintas del ADN (la región ITS y los segmentos de expansión D2-D3 del gen 28S ambos del ADN ribosomal, y el gen parcial cox1 del ADN mitocondrial). Las secuencias de ADN se analizaron por los métodos de Inferencia Bayesiana y de Máxima Verosimilitud. En lo correspondiente a la patogenicidad, se evaluó el factor de reproducción de dos poblaciones de Heterodera sp. en las malezas Rumex obtusifolius y Trifolium repens y en el cultivo de cultivo hortícola de la remolacha (Beta vulgaris var. Boro). Por último, se evaluó el ciclo de vida del nematodo, para esto se realizó un ensayo en el que se utilizó el hospedero en el que fue identificada cada población. Durante el estudio no se observaron especímenes machos de ninguna de las poblaciones descritas. Los caracteres morfométricos longitud promedio del cuerpo (531,1μm-552,2μm) y estilete (27,4μm-28,4μm) permitieron determinar que las poblaciones correspondían a la especie H. trifolii. Este resultado fue respaldado con lo obtenido en la descripción molecular. De los tres marcadores moleculares utilizados (ITS, D2-D3 y cox1), el cox1 fue el que generó una mejor resolución entre especies, esto agrupando secuencias de H. betae y H. trifolii en un clado (valor de probabilidad posterior de 100% y valor de boobstrap de 97). En lo correspondiente a la patogenicidad, se observó que la población asociada a R. obtusifolius se reprodujo de forma satisfactoria (FR mayor a 1) en este hospedero y en T. repens, mientras que la población asociada a T. repens se reprodujo satisfactoriamente en este hospedero (FR>1), pero no así en R. obtusifolius (FR= 0,75), mientras que la remolacha no fue hospedero (FR=0 en ambos casos). Por último, H. trifolii completó su ciclo de vida en 35 y 43 días posteriores a su inoculación, en R. obtusifolius y T. repens, respectivamente.
Cyst-forming nematodes are one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, due to its ability to survive more than 20 years without a host and the negative effect on plant grow and yield losses. Before this study, there was only one species of cyst forming nematodes (Globodera pallida) described morphologically and molecularly in the country. The lack of more studies on this group of nematodes motivated us to characterize morphologically and molecularly cyst forming nematodes from the subfamily Hetederinae (family: Hoplolaimidae), and assess the pathogenicity and the life-cycle of two Heterodera sp. populations from the province of Cartago. Three Heterodera sp. were morphologically characterized, and five populations were molecularly characterized by using three different regions of the DNA (the ITS region and the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S, both from the ribosomal DNA, and the partial cox1 gene from the mitochondrial). DNA sequences were analyzed with the Bayesian Inference and the Maximum Likelihood methods. For pathogenicity, the reproduction factor of two Heterodera sp. populations was evaluated on the weed species Rumex obtusifolius and Trifolium repens, and the beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. Boro). Finally, the life-cycle of two populations was assessed, a greenhouse essay was carried out using the plants where each population was found. In our study, no males were found. The morphometric characters body length average (531,1μm-552,2μm) and stylet (27,4μm-28,4μm) allowed to determine the species as H. trifolii. This result was in agreement with the molecular characterization. From the three molecular markers used in this study (ITS, 28S and cox1), the cox1 showed a better resolution between species, grouping sequences of H. betae in a clade with sequences of H. trifolii (posterior probability value of 100% and a boobstrap value of 97). Regarding the pathogenicity assays, it was observed that the population associated with R. obtusifolius reproduced satisfactory (RF more than 1) on this host and T. repens, whereas the population associated with T. repens reproduced satisfactory on this host (RF>1), but not on R. obtusifolius (RF= 0,75). Beetroot was not a host (RF=0) in both cases. Finally, H. trifolii completed its life-cycle on 35 and 43 after inoculation on R. obtusifolius y T. repens, respectively.
Cyst-forming nematodes are one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide, due to its ability to survive more than 20 years without a host and the negative effect on plant grow and yield losses. Before this study, there was only one species of cyst forming nematodes (Globodera pallida) described morphologically and molecularly in the country. The lack of more studies on this group of nematodes motivated us to characterize morphologically and molecularly cyst forming nematodes from the subfamily Hetederinae (family: Hoplolaimidae), and assess the pathogenicity and the life-cycle of two Heterodera sp. populations from the province of Cartago. Three Heterodera sp. were morphologically characterized, and five populations were molecularly characterized by using three different regions of the DNA (the ITS region and the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S, both from the ribosomal DNA, and the partial cox1 gene from the mitochondrial). DNA sequences were analyzed with the Bayesian Inference and the Maximum Likelihood methods. For pathogenicity, the reproduction factor of two Heterodera sp. populations was evaluated on the weed species Rumex obtusifolius and Trifolium repens, and the beetroot (Beta vulgaris var. Boro). Finally, the life-cycle of two populations was assessed, a greenhouse essay was carried out using the plants where each population was found. In our study, no males were found. The morphometric characters body length average (531,1μm-552,2μm) and stylet (27,4μm-28,4μm) allowed to determine the species as H. trifolii. This result was in agreement with the molecular characterization. From the three molecular markers used in this study (ITS, 28S and cox1), the cox1 showed a better resolution between species, grouping sequences of H. betae in a clade with sequences of H. trifolii (posterior probability value of 100% and a boobstrap value of 97). Regarding the pathogenicity assays, it was observed that the population associated with R. obtusifolius reproduced satisfactory (RF more than 1) on this host and T. repens, whereas the population associated with T. repens reproduced satisfactory on this host (RF>1), but not on R. obtusifolius (RF= 0,75). Beetroot was not a host (RF=0) in both cases. Finally, H. trifolii completed its life-cycle on 35 and 43 after inoculation on R. obtusifolius y T. repens, respectively.
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Keywords
Heterodera trifolii, Inferencia Bayesiana, Máxima verosimilitud, Quistes, Rumex obtusifolius, Trifolium repens