Influencia de las conductas alimentarias de los progenitores en el consumo de sal/sodio en niños y adolescentes de Costa Rica
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Núñez Rivas, Hilda Patricia
Holst Schumacher, Ileana
Roselló Araya, Marlen
Blanco Metzler, Adriana
Campos Saborío, Natalia
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El comportamiento alimentario de padres y/o cuidadores influyen en la ingesta de sal y sodio en niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las conductas alimentarias de padres y la ingesta de sal/sodio en niños y adolescentes de Costa Rica. Sujetos y Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria de 40 escuelas y 24 colegios ubicados en las siete provincias de Costa Rica, junto con sus progenitores (padre o madre). Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, se midió el peso y la talla y se utilizó una encuesta de frecuencia semanal de consumo de alimentos. Para estimar el contenido de sodio de los alimentos se utilizaron métodos estandarizados, preguntando sobre la cantidad de sal añadida a estos. Se realizaron entrevistas a los padres para explorar sus prácticas culinarias. Los tamaños de las porciones de los alimentos se estimaron utilizando fotografías estandarizadas. Luego del análisis bivariado, para examinar las posibles asociaciones entre las variables independientes y la ingesta diaria de sodio se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Ingresaron 1.497 estudiantes que en el 97% excedieron el límite máximo recomendado de ingesta de sodio (2.300 mg/día). Se asoció a un aumento en la ingesta de sodio el consumo de aliños para ensaladas, salsa inglesa, cantidad de sal agregada, sopas deshidratadas y tener salero en la mesa; ingesta que fue menor en las mujeres. Los sujetos cuyos padres solo usaban sal común para cocina y revisar el contenido de sodio de los alimentos tenían menor ingesta (p < 0,001). La cantidad de sal utilizada para cocinar correlacionó directamente con la ingesta de sodio de los hijos. Conclusiones: Dado que los hábitos de ingesta de sal influyen en la ingesta de sodio, se sugiere desarrollar intervenciones integrales que favorezcan el menor consumo excesivo de sodio de las familias.
One of the key factors influencing salt and sodium intake in children and adolescents is the dietary behavior of their parents and/or caregivers. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between parental dietary behaviors and salt/sodium intake in children and adolescents in Costa Rica. Subjects and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study of primary and secondary education students from 40 schools and 24 colleges located in the seven provinces of Costa Rica, along with their parents (father or mother). Sociodemographic variables were evaluated, weight and height were measured, and a weekly food consumption frequency survey was used. Standardized methods were used to estimate the sodium content of the foods, asking about the amount of salt added to them. Interviews were conducted with parents to explore their cooking practices. Food portion sizes were estimated using standardized pictures. After bivariate analysis, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine possible associations between the independent variables and daily sodium intake. Results: 1,497 students were included. 97% of them exceeded the maximum recommended limit of sodium intake (2,300 mg/day). An increase in sodium intake was associated with the use of salad dressings, Worcestershire sauce, amount of added salt, dehydrated soups, and having a saltshaker on the table. The intake was lower in females. Those students whose parents used only common salt for cooking and checking the sodium content on food labels were associated with lower intake (p < 0,001). The amount of salt used for cooking correlated directly with children’s sodium intake. Conclusions: Given that salt intake habits influence sodium intake, it is suggested to develop comprehensive interventions to reduce excessive sodium intake in children, adolescents, and their families.
One of the key factors influencing salt and sodium intake in children and adolescents is the dietary behavior of their parents and/or caregivers. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between parental dietary behaviors and salt/sodium intake in children and adolescents in Costa Rica. Subjects and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study of primary and secondary education students from 40 schools and 24 colleges located in the seven provinces of Costa Rica, along with their parents (father or mother). Sociodemographic variables were evaluated, weight and height were measured, and a weekly food consumption frequency survey was used. Standardized methods were used to estimate the sodium content of the foods, asking about the amount of salt added to them. Interviews were conducted with parents to explore their cooking practices. Food portion sizes were estimated using standardized pictures. After bivariate analysis, multiple regression analysis was performed to examine possible associations between the independent variables and daily sodium intake. Results: 1,497 students were included. 97% of them exceeded the maximum recommended limit of sodium intake (2,300 mg/day). An increase in sodium intake was associated with the use of salad dressings, Worcestershire sauce, amount of added salt, dehydrated soups, and having a saltshaker on the table. The intake was lower in females. Those students whose parents used only common salt for cooking and checking the sodium content on food labels were associated with lower intake (p < 0,001). The amount of salt used for cooking correlated directly with children’s sodium intake. Conclusions: Given that salt intake habits influence sodium intake, it is suggested to develop comprehensive interventions to reduce excessive sodium intake in children, adolescents, and their families.
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SALT, SODIUM, DIET, DIETARY BEHAVIOR, NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS
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