Estudio multicéntrico de caracterización epidemiológica y clínica de los pacientes diagnosticados con epilepsia con seguimiento activo en el 2022 en la consulta externa de los hospitales San Juan de Dios, México y Nacional de Niños
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Sequeira Quesada, Carlos Mario
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Abstract
Introducción
La epilepsia es una condición neurológica sufrida por 10% de la población mundial, caracterizada por un riesgo aumentado a presentar crisis epilépticas, con consecuencias neurobiológicas, cognitivas, psicológicas y sociales. Las personas con epilepsia presentan además un riesgo aumentado en comparación con la población general de padecer de diferentes comorbilidades médicas y psiquiátricas, entre ellas depresión, ansiedad, trastornos del sueño, todo lo anterior con impacto en su calidad de vida.
Objetivo
Evaluar las características sociales, económicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de epilepsia en seguimiento activo en el 2022 en la consulta externa del servicio de Neurología en los hospitales San Juan de Dios, Hospital México y Hospital Nacional de Niños.
Metodología
Este estudio es multicéntrico transversal, con características retrospectivas (valoración del expediente clínico digital de los participantes) y prospectivas (aplicación de escalas ESS, HADS, ISI y QOLIE-10 vía telefónica o en persona). La población del estudio consiste en personas con diagnóstico de epilepsia adscritos en la consulta externa de Neurología de los hospitales HSJD, HMX y HNN, con seguimiento activo en el 2022. Se realiza prueba de chi cuadrado para comparación de variables entre los tres centros de atención terciaria, y ANOVA para determinar la relación entre puntaje de calidad obtenido en escala QOLIE-10 con años vividos desde diagnóstico, tipo de crisis epiléptica, tipo de epilepsia, frecuencia de crisis epilépticas y evolución/respuesta farmacológica de la epilepsia.
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Resultados
La muestra cuenta de 418 participantes (223 mujeres y 195 hombres), la mayoría costarricenses (93.8%), con alguna forma de trabajo remunerado (23.7% asalariado, 5% independiente) menor o igual a 29 años de edad (38.3%), solteros (59.1%), sin bachillerato completo (10.6%) y asegurados por el Estado (42.6%). Se obtuvo representación de las 7 provincias, predominantemente habitantes de San José (69.1%). La comorbilidad más frecuente fue discapacidad intelectual (21.3%), el tipo de crisis epiléptica más común fue la de inicio desconocido (45%), de epilepsia la de tipo focal (54.5%) y la etiología desconocida (63.2%). Solo 31.3% tuvo epilepsia fármaco-resistente, con 25.6% de la población sin crisis mensuales, y prescribiéndose más comúnmente lamotrigina como anticrisis (45.9%), con pocos efectos adversos en general (88% sin). La prevalencia de depresión (7.7%), ansiedad (8.6%) y trastornos del sueño (2.2%) fueron menores a la población general; sin embargo, con puntajes en ISI (promedio 10.8, desviación estándar 8.1), ESS (promedio 6.6, desviación estándar 7.5) HADS subescala depresión (promedio 5.0, desviación estándar 5.0) y ansiedad (promedio 7.0, desviación estándar 5.5) que proyectan a una mayor prevalencia. La calidad de vida según puntaje escala QOLIE-10 (promedio 24.7, desviación estándar 9.1) mostró relación estadísticamente significativa con la frecuencia de crisis (p< 0.001) y la evolución de la enfermedad (p<0.002).
Conclusión
Los pacientes epilépticos presentan una afección en su calidad de vida. La utilización de escalas de tamizaje para patologías psiquiátricas podría disminuir la brecha de subdiagnóstico actual para estas enfermedades.
Background: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of a cohort of 418 epilepsy patients, including demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, medication profiles, and quality of life assessment. Methods: The study included 418 patients, comprising 223 females and 195 males, predominantly nationals (93.8%). Employment status indicated that 23.7% had formal jobs, while 5% were in informal employment. Approximately 38.3% of the participants were under the age of 30, and the majority were single (59.1%). Educational levels showed that 10.6% had incomplete secondary high school education, and 42.6% had insurance coverage provided by the state. Representation was achieved from all seven provinces, with San José being the most prominent (69.1%). Results: Cognitive impairment was the most frequent comorbidity, observed in 21.3% of the patients. The most common type of seizure was of unknown origin (45%), while focal epilepsy accounted for 54.5% of cases. The etiology of epilepsy remained unknown in 63.2% of patients. Only 31.3% of participants were classified as refractory to treatment, and 25.6% reported having no monthly seizures. Among the prescribed medications, lamotrigine was the most common, prescribed to 45.9% of patients, with 88% reporting no adverse effects. Psychiatric Comorbidities: Prevalence of major depression disorders was 7.7%, anxiety disorders 8.6%, and sleep disorders 2.2%. These rates were lower than those reported in the general population. However, assessment scores on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression, and anxiety subscales indicated a potentially increased prevalence of these conditions. Quality of Life: The quality of life was assessed using the QOLIE-10 score, with an average score of 24.7 (standard deviation 9.1). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between quality of life and seizure frequency (p<0.001) and the duration of epilepsy (p<0.002). Conclusion: This study provides a detailed profile of epilepsy patients, highlighting demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, medication usage, and quality of life. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive care, including mental health support, in managing epilepsy patients
Background: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of a cohort of 418 epilepsy patients, including demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, medication profiles, and quality of life assessment. Methods: The study included 418 patients, comprising 223 females and 195 males, predominantly nationals (93.8%). Employment status indicated that 23.7% had formal jobs, while 5% were in informal employment. Approximately 38.3% of the participants were under the age of 30, and the majority were single (59.1%). Educational levels showed that 10.6% had incomplete secondary high school education, and 42.6% had insurance coverage provided by the state. Representation was achieved from all seven provinces, with San José being the most prominent (69.1%). Results: Cognitive impairment was the most frequent comorbidity, observed in 21.3% of the patients. The most common type of seizure was of unknown origin (45%), while focal epilepsy accounted for 54.5% of cases. The etiology of epilepsy remained unknown in 63.2% of patients. Only 31.3% of participants were classified as refractory to treatment, and 25.6% reported having no monthly seizures. Among the prescribed medications, lamotrigine was the most common, prescribed to 45.9% of patients, with 88% reporting no adverse effects. Psychiatric Comorbidities: Prevalence of major depression disorders was 7.7%, anxiety disorders 8.6%, and sleep disorders 2.2%. These rates were lower than those reported in the general population. However, assessment scores on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression, and anxiety subscales indicated a potentially increased prevalence of these conditions. Quality of Life: The quality of life was assessed using the QOLIE-10 score, with an average score of 24.7 (standard deviation 9.1). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between quality of life and seizure frequency (p<0.001) and the duration of epilepsy (p<0.002). Conclusion: This study provides a detailed profile of epilepsy patients, highlighting demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, medication usage, and quality of life. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive care, including mental health support, in managing epilepsy patients