Análisis de las Intervenciones con Prótesis Traqueobronquiales para el Tratamiento de la Obstrucción de Vía Aérea Central en el Servicio de Neumología del Hospital México Durante el Período 2016-2020
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Brenes Pimentel, Adrián
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Abstract
Antecedentes: La obstrucción de vía aérea central es aquella que involucra la tráquea y/o los bronquios principales. Las prótesis traqueobronquiales permiten mejorar o resolver la sintomatología en algunos de pacientes que la presentan. Hasta la fecha, en Costa Rica, no existen estudios que comparen los diferentes tipos de prótesis traqueobronquiales colocadas por Neumología Intervencionista. Es importante conocer las distintas etiologías de obstrucción de vía aérea central en el país y sus localizaciones, así como los materiales de las prótesis que se han utilizado en cada caso y las complicaciones que cada uno presenta. Esto con el fin de planificar de la mejor manera y con mayor criterio clínico, la prótesis ideal para cada caso y prevenir complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento.
Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional de análisis de registros médicos de todos los pacientes a quienes se les colocó una prótesis traqueobronquial, durante el periodo 2016-2020, en el servicio de Neumología del Hospital México. Se revisaron los expedientes de los pacientes y se tabularon las características clínicas, etiología y localización de la obstrucción de vía aérea central, tipo de compresión, material del stent colocado y las complicaciones asociadas a este. Se analizó el tiempo en que ocurrieron las complicaciones.
Resultados: Se analizaron 64 pacientes con obstrucción de vía aérea central, en quienes se colocaron 90 prótesis traqueobronquiales. Las etiologías benignas (n=49) fueron más frecuentes que las malignas (n=37). La migración (21.1%) y la formación de tejido de granulación (16.7%) fueron las complicaciones que se presentaron con mayor frecuencia. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa al analizar el material del stent con las complicaciones desarrolladas.
Conclusiones: Los stents puede ser utilizados en patología benigna y maligna. El material de la prótesis traqueobronquial no se asoció al desarrollo de complicaciones específicas.
Background: Central airway obstruction involves the trachea and/or mainstems. Tracheobronchial prosthesis improves or resolves symptoms in some of these patients. There are no studies comparing the different types of tracheobronchial prosthesis placed by Interventional Pulmonology in Costa Rica to this date. It is important to know the different etiologies and locations of central airway obstruction in our country, the materials of the prosthesis used and the complications that occur. This is relevant in order to know the ideal prosthesis to use in each case and prevent procedure associated complications. Materials and methods: An observational study of medical records analysis was conducted in all patients in which a tracheobronchial prosthesis was placed from 2016-2020 in the Pulmonology department of Hospital Mexico. Patients medical files were reviewed, and clinical characteristics were analyzed including etiology, airway obstruction location, type of compression, stent materials and procedure associated complications. Time to the development of complications was also analyzed. Results: 90 tracheobronchial stents were placed in 64 patients with central airway obstruction. Benign stenosis (n=49) was seen more frequently than malignant stenosis (n=37). Stent migration (21.1%) and formation of granulation tissue (16.7%) were the most common complications. No relationship was found between stent material and the development of complications. Conclusions: Airway stents can be used in both malignant and benign central airway obstruction. Stent material was not associated with the development of complications.
Background: Central airway obstruction involves the trachea and/or mainstems. Tracheobronchial prosthesis improves or resolves symptoms in some of these patients. There are no studies comparing the different types of tracheobronchial prosthesis placed by Interventional Pulmonology in Costa Rica to this date. It is important to know the different etiologies and locations of central airway obstruction in our country, the materials of the prosthesis used and the complications that occur. This is relevant in order to know the ideal prosthesis to use in each case and prevent procedure associated complications. Materials and methods: An observational study of medical records analysis was conducted in all patients in which a tracheobronchial prosthesis was placed from 2016-2020 in the Pulmonology department of Hospital Mexico. Patients medical files were reviewed, and clinical characteristics were analyzed including etiology, airway obstruction location, type of compression, stent materials and procedure associated complications. Time to the development of complications was also analyzed. Results: 90 tracheobronchial stents were placed in 64 patients with central airway obstruction. Benign stenosis (n=49) was seen more frequently than malignant stenosis (n=37). Stent migration (21.1%) and formation of granulation tissue (16.7%) were the most common complications. No relationship was found between stent material and the development of complications. Conclusions: Airway stents can be used in both malignant and benign central airway obstruction. Stent material was not associated with the development of complications.
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Keywords
Neumología, Stent, Stents traqueales, Obstrucción de vía aérea central, Estenosis, Tráquea