Guía sobre el uso de la fluidoterapia en el reanimación del paciente con choque séptico e hipovolémico en el segundo y tercer nivel de atención de la CCSS
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Ramírez Rojas, Francisco Javier
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Abstract
El estado de choque se caracteriza por un desbalance entre el consumo y la entrega de O2 (DO2) y la administración de fluidos se considera medular para revertirlo. En el intento de mejorar la entrega mediante una optimización de la convección sanguínea, históricamente se han utilizado dosis muy altas de estos en los estadios tempranos de dicha condición. Esto culmina muchas veces en un compromiso de la difusión del O2 a los tejidos en etapas tardías por la aparición de congestión y edema tisular. Los efectos adversos de esta sobredosificación son más descritos en el choque séptico, lo que indica que la disfunción de la microcirculación por inflamación sistémica va estrechando progresivamente el rango terapéutico de los fluidos. En cualquier condición inflamatoria severa se requiere entonces readecuar la dosis a los requerimientos del paciente, lo que disminuye la probabilidad de hipervolemia. A raíz de esta necesidad surge la estrategia “ROSE” (acrónimo en inglés para resuscitation, optimization, stabilization y evacuation) como guía para delimitar con mayor precisión el radio de acción de los fluidos en las diferentes etapas del estado de choque. Este no solo se limita al aumento del volumen circulante efectivo y el gasto cardíaco, sino que incluye también la modulación de la función endotelial, el estado inflamatorio y el medio interno. Bajo esta premisa se consideran en este trabajo las propiedades tanto cuantitativas o farmacocinéticas de los fluidos, relacionadas principalmente con su poder de expansión plasmática, como aquellas cualitativas que involucran esta capacidad de modulación más allá de lo estrictamente hemodinámico. En cada una de estas etapas del esquema ROSE, la integración de ambas propiedades maximiza los beneficios clínicos obtenidos al mismo tiempo que disminuye la probabilidad de lesión orgánica por sobrecarga hídrica. Los réditos de esta individualización y moderación de la fluidoterapia podrían tener un impacto muy significativo en la morbimortalidad de esta condición crítica que tantas vidas cobra cada día.
Shock is characterized by an imbalance between tissue O2 delivery and demand. Fluid administration is considered central to reversing it. In the attempt to improve delivery through optimization of blood convection, very high doses of fluids have been used historically in the early stages of this condition. This often results in compromised diffusion of O2 to tissues in later stages due to the appearance of congestion and tissue edema. The adverse effects of this overdosing are more pronounced in septic shock, indicating that dysfunction of the microcirculation due to systemic inflammation gradually narrows the therapeutic range of fluids. In any severe inflammatory condition then, the dose must be adjusted to the patient's requirements, reducing the probability of hypervolemia. As a result of this need, the "ROSE" strategy (acronym for resuscitation, optimization, stabilization, and evacuation) emerges as a guide to more precisely delimit the range of action of fluids in the different stages of shock. This not only involves increasing the effective circulating volume and cardiac output, but also includes modulation of the endothelial function, inflammatory status, and internal milieu. Based on this premise, this paper considers both the quantitative or pharmacokinetic properties of fluids, mainly related to their plasma expansion capacity, as well as their qualitative properties that involve this modulation capacity that extends beyond strictly hemodynamic effects. At each stage of the ROSE scheme, the integration of both properties maximizes the clinical benefits while reducing the likelihood of organic injury due to fluid overload. This individualization and moderation of fluid therapy could have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of this critical condition that claims so many lives every day.
Shock is characterized by an imbalance between tissue O2 delivery and demand. Fluid administration is considered central to reversing it. In the attempt to improve delivery through optimization of blood convection, very high doses of fluids have been used historically in the early stages of this condition. This often results in compromised diffusion of O2 to tissues in later stages due to the appearance of congestion and tissue edema. The adverse effects of this overdosing are more pronounced in septic shock, indicating that dysfunction of the microcirculation due to systemic inflammation gradually narrows the therapeutic range of fluids. In any severe inflammatory condition then, the dose must be adjusted to the patient's requirements, reducing the probability of hypervolemia. As a result of this need, the "ROSE" strategy (acronym for resuscitation, optimization, stabilization, and evacuation) emerges as a guide to more precisely delimit the range of action of fluids in the different stages of shock. This not only involves increasing the effective circulating volume and cardiac output, but also includes modulation of the endothelial function, inflammatory status, and internal milieu. Based on this premise, this paper considers both the quantitative or pharmacokinetic properties of fluids, mainly related to their plasma expansion capacity, as well as their qualitative properties that involve this modulation capacity that extends beyond strictly hemodynamic effects. At each stage of the ROSE scheme, the integration of both properties maximizes the clinical benefits while reducing the likelihood of organic injury due to fluid overload. This individualization and moderation of fluid therapy could have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of this critical condition that claims so many lives every day.
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Keywords
Fluidos, choque, sepsis, reanimación, TRATAMIENTO MÉDICO