Percepciones sobre las conductas suicidas en la comunidad Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales, Transgénero, Queer, Interrogantes o Intersexuales, Asexuales (LGBTQIA+)
Fecha
2024
Tipo
proyecto fin de carrera
Autores
Méndez Viales, Nazareth José
Sancho González, Ana Sarai
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Resumen
Las conductas suicidas se posicionan como una preocupación creciente para la salud pública, ya que afecta a diferentes grupos poblacionales, en particular, quienes enfrentan la discriminación y su replicación en las diferentes instituciones sociales. La población LGBTQIA+ se encuentra inmersa en este contexto, al navegar diariamente por instituciones cisheteronormativas en las cuales se enfrentan a ambientes hostiles y la posibilidad de ser objeto de discriminación ya sea directa o indirecta, lo cual ha implicado un detrimento en el bienestar de esta población. Sin embargo, las transformaciones sociales han conducido a un mayor reconocimiento y visibilización de esta población. Considerando que las conductas suicidas son un fenómeno que transciende edad, sexo, género y estatus socioeconómico, y reconociendo las crecientes necesidades de la población LGBTQIA+, es que surge la pregunta de investigación: ¿Cuáles son los significados sobre las conductas suicidas de las personas de una comunidad LGBTQIA+ de una universidad pública costarricense?
Objetivo: Analizar los significados sobre las conductas suicidas de las personas en la comunidad LGBTQIA+ en una universidad pública. Costa Rica. 2023.
Metodología:
Corresponde a un estudio de carácter cualitativo, desarrollado bajo la tradición filosófica propuesta por Edmund Husserl denominada fenomenología, en su diseño descriptivo. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un formulario autoadministrado para la obtención de datos sociodemográficos, así como la ejecución de una entrevista semiestructurada, la cual consta de 11 preguntas. La muestra del presente estudio se compone por 18 personas, las cuales fueron seleccionadas a través de los siguientes criterios de inclusión: persona mayor de 18 años, autopercibirse como LGBTQIA+ y cursar activamente una carrera universitaria en la sede Rodrigo Facio de la Universidad de Costa Rica. La sistematización de la información se realizó con el empleo de Atlas. TI la cual permitió la codificación abierta y axial, posteriormente, dicha información fue examinada mediante el análisis temático.
Resultados:
Los hallazgos arrojaron que la construcción de la percepción está compuesta por el espectro de las conductas suicidas dado por tres elementos como lo son ideación suicida, intento de suicidio y suicidio, se incorporan las conductas autodestructivas y el afrontamiento
desadaptativo, al cual asocian el aislamiento social y la racionalización de las conductas suicidas. Estas últimas son asociadas a procesos de distrés psicológico, tristeza y desesperanza. En esta descripción se integran las experiencias, a partir de las cuales se encontró como un posible factor causal, los mecanismos de control, los cuales influyen en procesos como construcción de identidad, el proceso de autoestima, así como la replicación de dichos mecanismos dentro de la comunidad LGBTQIA+.
Por su parte, el afrontamiento de la realidad social arrojó que la manifestación de las conductas suicidas son descritas como señales de alerta, a partir de los cambios en el comportamiento de las personas, expresado por alteraciones de la salud mental, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, adopción de comportamientos de riesgo y el aislamiento social. Además, se identifica la influencia del medio social como un posible facilitador o barrera para la manifestación de las conductas, el apoyo social constituye un elemento facilitador y los mecanismos de control y el facework como barreras para la expresión. Cabe destacar que, el fenómeno es estigmatizado por parte de la sociedad y de la población LGBTQIA+, conduciendo a procesos de normalización e invisibilización. El control social ha perneado este grupo social y se identificó la replicación de sistemas hegemónicos y del poder dentro de pequeños grupos en esta población.
Conclusión:
La presente investigación reveló que la construcción de los significados es un proceso intersubjetivo. El cual está conformado por elementos complejos y multidimensionales como lo es la percepción, el cual permite la articulación de procesos cognitivos, sensoriales y afectivos para la creación de un significado a las experiencias vitales asociadas a las conductas suicidas. Con respecto al comportamiento, se develó como un sistema que se alimenta entre sí, ya que las acciones individuales responden ante el entorno social y este último se crea a partir de las individualidades. A su vez, se concluyó que existe una posible convergencia entre el proceso interno del individuo y su interacción con el entorno social, puesto que dentro de los posibles significados se estructuró las conductas suicidas como una solución o evasión ante las demandas del entorno que norma tanto, las conductas suicidas como la identidad LGBTQIA+.
Suicidal behaviors are a growing concern for public health, as they affect different population groups, particularly those who face discrimination and its recurrence in various social institutions. The LGBTQIA+ population is immersed in this context, as they navigate daily through cisheteronormative systems in which they face hostile environments and the possibility of being the target of direct or indirect discrimination, which has led to a detriment in the well-being of this community. However, social change has led to greater recognition and visibility of this population. Given that suicidal behaviors are a phenomenon that transcends age, sex, gender and socioeconomic status, and recognizing the growing needs of the LGBTQIA+ population, the research question arises: What are the meanings of suicidal behaviors held by people in the LGBTQIA+ community of a Costa Rican public university? Objective: Analyze the meanings of suicidal behaviors for people in the LGBTQIA+ community at a public university. Costa Rica. 2023. Methodology: This qualitative study was based on descriptive phenomenology. Data collection was carried out through a self-administered form to obtain sociodemographic data, as well as the implementation of a semi-structured interview, which consisted of 11 questions. The sample was composed of 18 people, who were selected through the following inclusion criteria: over 18 years of age, self-perceived as LGBTQIA+ and actively pursuing a university degree at the Rodrigo Facio campus of the University of Costa Rica. The systematization of the information was carried out with the use of Atlas. TI, which allowed for open and axial coding, and then the information was examined by means of thematic analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the perception comprised the spectrum of suicidal behaviors, delineated by three elements: suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide. Self-destructive behaviors and maladaptive coping strategies were also incorporated, often associated with social isolation and rationalization of suicidal behaviors. The latter behaviors were linked to psychological distress, sadness, and hopelessness. This description integrated experiences from which a potential causal factor emerged: control mechanisms. These influenced processes such as identity construction, self-esteem, and the replication of said mechanisms within the LGBTQIA+ community. On the one hand, facing the social reality revealed that the manifestation of suicidal behaviors was described as warning signs, based on changes in individuals' behavior. Manifested by mental health disorders, eating disorders, adoption of risky behavior, and social isolation. Furthermore, the influence of the social environment is identified as a possible facilitator or barrier to the manifestation of behaviors; social support constitutes a facilitating element, while control mechanisms and facework act as barriers to expression. It is worth noting that the phenomenon is stigmatized by society and the LGBTQIA+ population, leading to processes of normalization and invisibility. Social control has permeated this social group, and the replication of hegemonic systems and power dynamics within small groups among the population was identified. Conclusion: The present research revealed that the construction of meanings is an intersubjective process, composed of complex and multidimensional elements such as perception, which allows for the articulation of cognitive, sensory, and affective processes to create meaning for life experiences associated with suicidal behaviors. Regarding behavior, it was unveiled as a system that mutually influences itself, as individual actions respond to the social environment, and the latter is shaped by individualities. Furthermore, it was concluded that there is a potential convergence between the individual's internal process and their interaction with the social environment, as suicidal behaviors were posed as a solution or escape from the demands of the environment that regulate both suicidal behaviors and LGBTQIA+ identity.
Suicidal behaviors are a growing concern for public health, as they affect different population groups, particularly those who face discrimination and its recurrence in various social institutions. The LGBTQIA+ population is immersed in this context, as they navigate daily through cisheteronormative systems in which they face hostile environments and the possibility of being the target of direct or indirect discrimination, which has led to a detriment in the well-being of this community. However, social change has led to greater recognition and visibility of this population. Given that suicidal behaviors are a phenomenon that transcends age, sex, gender and socioeconomic status, and recognizing the growing needs of the LGBTQIA+ population, the research question arises: What are the meanings of suicidal behaviors held by people in the LGBTQIA+ community of a Costa Rican public university? Objective: Analyze the meanings of suicidal behaviors for people in the LGBTQIA+ community at a public university. Costa Rica. 2023. Methodology: This qualitative study was based on descriptive phenomenology. Data collection was carried out through a self-administered form to obtain sociodemographic data, as well as the implementation of a semi-structured interview, which consisted of 11 questions. The sample was composed of 18 people, who were selected through the following inclusion criteria: over 18 years of age, self-perceived as LGBTQIA+ and actively pursuing a university degree at the Rodrigo Facio campus of the University of Costa Rica. The systematization of the information was carried out with the use of Atlas. TI, which allowed for open and axial coding, and then the information was examined by means of thematic analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the perception comprised the spectrum of suicidal behaviors, delineated by three elements: suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide. Self-destructive behaviors and maladaptive coping strategies were also incorporated, often associated with social isolation and rationalization of suicidal behaviors. The latter behaviors were linked to psychological distress, sadness, and hopelessness. This description integrated experiences from which a potential causal factor emerged: control mechanisms. These influenced processes such as identity construction, self-esteem, and the replication of said mechanisms within the LGBTQIA+ community. On the one hand, facing the social reality revealed that the manifestation of suicidal behaviors was described as warning signs, based on changes in individuals' behavior. Manifested by mental health disorders, eating disorders, adoption of risky behavior, and social isolation. Furthermore, the influence of the social environment is identified as a possible facilitator or barrier to the manifestation of behaviors; social support constitutes a facilitating element, while control mechanisms and facework act as barriers to expression. It is worth noting that the phenomenon is stigmatized by society and the LGBTQIA+ population, leading to processes of normalization and invisibility. Social control has permeated this social group, and the replication of hegemonic systems and power dynamics within small groups among the population was identified. Conclusion: The present research revealed that the construction of meanings is an intersubjective process, composed of complex and multidimensional elements such as perception, which allows for the articulation of cognitive, sensory, and affective processes to create meaning for life experiences associated with suicidal behaviors. Regarding behavior, it was unveiled as a system that mutually influences itself, as individual actions respond to the social environment, and the latter is shaped by individualities. Furthermore, it was concluded that there is a potential convergence between the individual's internal process and their interaction with the social environment, as suicidal behaviors were posed as a solution or escape from the demands of the environment that regulate both suicidal behaviors and LGBTQIA+ identity.
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Palabras clave
ENFERMERÍA, CONDUCTA, SUICIDIO, COMUNIDAD, PERCEPCIÓN, LGBTQIA+