Caracterización clínica y sociodemográfica de niños y niñas con diagnóstico de trastorno oposicionista desafiante, entre los 4 años y los 12 años, atendidos en el Hospital Nacional de Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, durante el periodo de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017
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Arguedas Garita, Peggy
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Abstract
Diseño: observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo.
Antecedentes y justificación: el trastorno oposicionista desafiante es una de las patologías más frecuentes de inicio en la infancia temprana, se caracteriza por alteraciones en la conducta social, además de un patrón de enfado, desafiante o rencoroso. En Costa Rica, al momento de realizar esta investigación, no se encontraron estudios de caracterización clínica ni sociodemográfica previos, por lo que se consideró importante realizar este estudio, dado que es un trastorno que provoca disfunción en los niños y adolescentes en el entorno familiar, escolar y social.
Objetivo: examinar las características del perfil clínico y sociodemográfico de los niños con diagnóstico de trastorno oposicionista desafiante en la población de 4 a 12 años atendida en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Carlos Sáenz Herrera, de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017.
Metodología: se contó con una muestra de 397 pacientes atendidos por el diagnóstico de trastorno oposicionista desafiante durante el periodo de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017. Se calculó el tamaño de la muestra con un nivel de confianza del 95% y con un error del 8% y varianza máxima, se obtuvo una población de estudio representativa de 109 pacientes seleccionados de forma sistemática y aleatoria para la revisión de la información de los expedientes médicos.
Resultados: se evidenció una prevalencia del 85,3% de pacientes con trastorno oposicionista desafiante masculinos y un 14,7% femeninas. El promedio de edad, al inicio de la atención, fue de 6,6 -11,2 años, mayormente provenientes de familias nucleares (30,1%), el nivel socioeconómico no se logró calcular por falta de información. Los patrones más prevalentes fueron el enfado y el patrón desafiante. Las dos comorbilidades más significativas fueron déficit atencional con hiperactividad (88,1%) y los comportamientos agresivos (73,4%) En las intervenciones clínicas, el 96,3% de los pacientes recibieron medicación: psicoestimulantes (86,7%) y antipsicóticos (67,6%), el 51,4% recibió psicoterapia. La principal intervención educativa fueron los apoyos educativos: adecuación curricular (48,6%) y asistir al servicio de apoyo educativo y problemas conductuales 24,8%).
Conclusiones: Se observó que, en la población en estudio, los factores de riesgo familiares como la violencia intrafamiliar, castigo físico / maltrato infantil, exposición a la agresión (verbal, física, sexual) se asociaron estadísticamente a un mayor riesgo de desarrollar problemas de comportamiento, aumentando la agresividad, problemas de aprendizaje y la discapacidad cognitiva. El principal factor protector encontrado se encuentra en los apoyos educativos. Dada la fuerte asociación entre la familia y el ámbito escolar, se recomienda promover intervenciones en cuanto a cero tolerancias al maltrato infantil y la implementación de apoyos educativos para los menores de edad con trastornos oposicionistas desafiantes.
Design: observational, descriptive, retrospective. Project background & Justification: The oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is one of the most frequent pathologies with onset in early childhood, characterized by alterations in social behavior, it presents an angry, defiant, or spiteful pattern. This disorder can generate in the family, school and social environment. It was considered valuable to carry out this study since in Costa Rica, at the time of this investigation, no other similar to the issue raised was found Objective: Examine the characteristics of the clinical and socio-demographic profile of children with a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in the population aged between 4 - 12 years old attending the National Children's Hospital; Carlos Sáenz Herrera, from January 2015 to December 2017. Methodology: there was a sample of 397 patients treated for the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in the period from January 2015 to December 2017, calculating the sample size with a confidence level of 95% and with an error of 8% and maximum variance, a representative study population of 109 patients was obtained, selected systematically and randomly for information review in the medical records. Results: It emerged a prevalence of 85.3% of patients with oppositional defiant disorder were evidenced in males and 14.7% in females; the average age at onset of care for boys and girls is equal 6.6 -11.2 years, mostly from nuclear families (30.1%), the socioeconomic level could not be calculated due to lack of information. The most prevalent patterns were anger and defiance. The two most significant comorbidities were attention deficit hyperactivity (88.1%) and aggressive behaviors (73.4%). In clinical interventions the 96.3% of patients received medication: psychostimulants (86.7%) and antipsychotics (67.6%), 51.4% received psychotherapy. The main educational intervention was educational supports: curricular adaptation (48.6%) and attending the educational support service and behavioral problems 24.8%). Conclusions: It observed that in the study population, family risk factors such as domestic violence, physical punishment / child abuse, exposure to aggression (verbal, physical, sexual) are statistically associated with a higher risk of developing behavioral problems, increasing aggressiveness, learning disabilities and cognitive disability. The main protective factor found is educational supports. Given the strong association between the family and the school environment, it is recommended to promote interventions regarding zero tolerance to child abuse and the implementation of educational supports for children with oppositional defiant disorders.
Design: observational, descriptive, retrospective. Project background & Justification: The oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is one of the most frequent pathologies with onset in early childhood, characterized by alterations in social behavior, it presents an angry, defiant, or spiteful pattern. This disorder can generate in the family, school and social environment. It was considered valuable to carry out this study since in Costa Rica, at the time of this investigation, no other similar to the issue raised was found Objective: Examine the characteristics of the clinical and socio-demographic profile of children with a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in the population aged between 4 - 12 years old attending the National Children's Hospital; Carlos Sáenz Herrera, from January 2015 to December 2017. Methodology: there was a sample of 397 patients treated for the diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in the period from January 2015 to December 2017, calculating the sample size with a confidence level of 95% and with an error of 8% and maximum variance, a representative study population of 109 patients was obtained, selected systematically and randomly for information review in the medical records. Results: It emerged a prevalence of 85.3% of patients with oppositional defiant disorder were evidenced in males and 14.7% in females; the average age at onset of care for boys and girls is equal 6.6 -11.2 years, mostly from nuclear families (30.1%), the socioeconomic level could not be calculated due to lack of information. The most prevalent patterns were anger and defiance. The two most significant comorbidities were attention deficit hyperactivity (88.1%) and aggressive behaviors (73.4%). In clinical interventions the 96.3% of patients received medication: psychostimulants (86.7%) and antipsychotics (67.6%), 51.4% received psychotherapy. The main educational intervention was educational supports: curricular adaptation (48.6%) and attending the educational support service and behavioral problems 24.8%). Conclusions: It observed that in the study population, family risk factors such as domestic violence, physical punishment / child abuse, exposure to aggression (verbal, physical, sexual) are statistically associated with a higher risk of developing behavioral problems, increasing aggressiveness, learning disabilities and cognitive disability. The main protective factor found is educational supports. Given the strong association between the family and the school environment, it is recommended to promote interventions regarding zero tolerance to child abuse and the implementation of educational supports for children with oppositional defiant disorders.
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Keywords
Trastorno oposicionista desafiante, Trastornos disruptivos, Factores de riesgo, Niños, Adolescentes, Tratamiento, Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), Disruptive disorders, Risk factors, Children, Adolescents, Treatment