Brote de diarrea asociado a Shigella sonnei debido a contaminación hídrica, San José, Costa Rica, 2001
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Date
Authors
Barrantes Jiménez, Kenia
Pardo, Vekoh
Achí Araya, María Rosario
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Revista Costarricense de Ciencias Médicas 25(1-2), 15-24
Abstract
En julio del 2001, un brote de diarrea
asociado a transmisión hidrica afecto a
mas de 7000 personas residentes en el
área urbana de San Jose. Desde su inicio
se especulo sobre el papel de Shige-
Ila spp., como uno de los posibles agentes
etiologicos del mismo, por lo que el
objetivo de este estudio fue determinar
la presencia de esta bacteria en los cases
de diarrea atendidos en una de las
clinicas ubicadas en el area del brote y
demostrar que Shigella spp. es un agente
importante de diarrea en nuestro pais
asociado con la transmision hidrica, particularmente
por la baja dosis infectante
y alta virulencia.
Para este fin, se analizaron especimenes
fecales de 49 pacientes con diarrea que
acudieron a la clinica de Alajuelita, del
17 al 31 de julio del 2001. Se obtuvo 16
aislamientos de Shigella spp. (34,7%),
15 correspondieron a Shigella sonnei
en tanto que solamente uno a Shigella
flexneri. Los grupos etareos mas afectados
fueron niños menores de 10 anos
y personas mayores de 60 afios. El patron
de sensibilidad a los antibioticos de
las cepas aisladas mostro resistencia
a 8 de los 11 antibioticos probados: trimetoprim/
sulfametoxazole, tetraciclina,
ampicilina, eritromicina, cloranfenicol,
cefalotina, amikacina y amoxicilina; y
sensibilidad a norfloxacina, ciprofloxacina
y gentamicina.No fue posible aislar Shigella spp. de
las muestras de agua. Los resultados
sugieren que este medio de transmisión
estuvo relacionado con el brote de diarrea.
El presente estudio demuestra Ia
importancia de Shigella spp. como causa
de diarrea sobre todo en niños pequeños,
adultos mayores y su frecuente
asociacion con brotes relacionados con
agua contaminada. Los resultados también
sugieren que el tratamiento contra
Ia shigelosis debería incluir informacion
acerca de los perfiles de resistencia a
los antibioticos y de Ia necesidad de mas
investigacion sobre vias de transmisión
por agua y alimentos en la prevención
de este tipo de brotes.
During July of 2001, a diarrhea' outbreak affected more than 7000 individuals in the urban area of San Jose. Even though the origen of the outbreak was not found, faecal pollution of the drinking water from the metropolitan aqueduct it is suspected. The objetive of the study was to determinate the presence of Shigella spp., as a possible aetiological agent of the outbreak. Samples were collected during two weeks (july 17th to 31st) Sixteen Shige-Ila spp. isolates were obtained out of 49 patients with diarrhoea (34,7%), 15 of the isolates were Shigella sonnet and 1 corresponded to Shigella flexneri. The most affected age groups were children under 10 and people older than 60. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Shigella spp. isolates showed that they were resistant to eigth of the antibiotics: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, eritromicine, chloramphenicol, cephalotin, amikacine and amoxicillin. They were sensitive to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Althought it was not possible to isolate Shigella ssp. directly from water, the results highly suggest this pathogen to be the aetiological agent of the outbreak. This study demonstrates the import role of Shigella spp. as cause of diarrhea affecting mainly small children and elderly people and its frequent association to outbreaks related to drinking water. This study also suggests that guidelines for treatment of shigellosis should include information on the antibiotic resistance pattern and further studies regarding the routes of transmission by water and food, will be required for strategies of prevention of such outbreaks.
During July of 2001, a diarrhea' outbreak affected more than 7000 individuals in the urban area of San Jose. Even though the origen of the outbreak was not found, faecal pollution of the drinking water from the metropolitan aqueduct it is suspected. The objetive of the study was to determinate the presence of Shigella spp., as a possible aetiological agent of the outbreak. Samples were collected during two weeks (july 17th to 31st) Sixteen Shige-Ila spp. isolates were obtained out of 49 patients with diarrhoea (34,7%), 15 of the isolates were Shigella sonnet and 1 corresponded to Shigella flexneri. The most affected age groups were children under 10 and people older than 60. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Shigella spp. isolates showed that they were resistant to eigth of the antibiotics: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, eritromicine, chloramphenicol, cephalotin, amikacine and amoxicillin. They were sensitive to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Althought it was not possible to isolate Shigella ssp. directly from water, the results highly suggest this pathogen to be the aetiological agent of the outbreak. This study demonstrates the import role of Shigella spp. as cause of diarrhea affecting mainly small children and elderly people and its frequent association to outbreaks related to drinking water. This study also suggests that guidelines for treatment of shigellosis should include information on the antibiotic resistance pattern and further studies regarding the routes of transmission by water and food, will be required for strategies of prevention of such outbreaks.
Description
artículo arbitrado -- Universidad de Costa Rica, Instituto de investigaciones en Salud. 2004.
Keywords
Shigella sonnei, Diarrea, Salud pública, Contaminación del agua