Descripción de los hallazgos clínicos, inmunológicos y capilaroscópicos de los pacientes con dermatomiositis valorados en el servicio de reumatología del Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia durante el periodo de octubre 2021 a julio 2024
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La dermatomiositis es una miopatía inflamatoria cuya fisiopatología incluye vasculopatía. En los últimos años, se han implementado herramientas diagnósticas y pronósticas, como los anticuerpos específicos de miositis (MSA) y la capilaroscopia. Los MSA han mostrado asociaciones con fenotipos clínicos distintivos. La capilaroscopia ha demostrado hallazgos diferenciales frente a otras miopatías inflamatorias y enfermedades como la esclerosis sistémica, con un posible valor adicional en el seguimiento por su patrón reversible. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo incluyó a pacientes con dermatomiositis atendidos en el Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia entre octubre de 2021 y julio de 2024, siendo el primero en describir esta población en Costa Rica. Se analizaron datos clínicos, serológicos y capilaroscópicos de 38 pacientes, en su mayoría mujeres (78.9%). El MSA más frecuente fue el anti-Mi2 (34.2%), el cual se asoció significativamente con compromiso miopático (84.6%, p=0.026). Los patrones capilaroscópicos más comunes fueron las alteraciones inespecíficas (39.5%), seguido del patrón similar a esclerodermia (26.3%) y el patrón esclerodérmico activo (23.7%). Los pacientes con enfermedad activa mostraron con mayor frecuencia los patrones SD activo (38.1%, p=0.020) y similar a esclerodermia (42.9%, p=0.010), mientras que aquellos con enfermedad inactiva presentaron predominantemente alteraciones inespecíficas (70.6%, p<0,001). Estos hallazgos respaldan el valor de los MSA y la capilaroscopia como herramientas útiles para la caracterización y seguimiento de pacientes con dermatomiositis.
Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory myopathy whose pathophysiology includes vasculopathy. In recent years, diagnostic and prognostic tools such as myositis-specific antibodies (MSAs) and nailfold capillaroscopy have been implemented. MSAs have shown associations with distinct clinical phenotypes. Capillaroscopy has revealed differential findings compared to other inflammatory myopathies and diseases such as systemic sclerosis, with potential value for monitoring due to its reversible patterns. This retrospective observational study included patients with dermatomyositis treated at Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia between October 2021 and July 2024. It is the first study to describe this population in Costa Rica. Clinical, serological, and capillaroscopic data were analyzed for 38 patients, the majority of whom were female (78.9%). The most frequently detected MSA was anti-Mi2 (34.2%), which was significantly associated with myopathic involvement (84.6%, p = 0.026). The most common capillaroscopic patterns were nonspecific alterations (39.5%), followed by a scleroderma-like pattern (26.3%) and an active scleroderma pattern (23.7%). Patients with active disease more frequently exhibited the active scleroderma pattern (38.1%, p = 0.020) and the scleroderma-like pattern (42.9%, p = 0.010), whereas those with inactive disease predominantly presented nonspecific alterations (70.6%, p < 0.001). These findings support the value of MSAs and capillaroscopy as useful tools for the characterization and follow-up of patients with dermatomyositis.
Dermatomyositis is an inflammatory myopathy whose pathophysiology includes vasculopathy. In recent years, diagnostic and prognostic tools such as myositis-specific antibodies (MSAs) and nailfold capillaroscopy have been implemented. MSAs have shown associations with distinct clinical phenotypes. Capillaroscopy has revealed differential findings compared to other inflammatory myopathies and diseases such as systemic sclerosis, with potential value for monitoring due to its reversible patterns. This retrospective observational study included patients with dermatomyositis treated at Hospital Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia between October 2021 and July 2024. It is the first study to describe this population in Costa Rica. Clinical, serological, and capillaroscopic data were analyzed for 38 patients, the majority of whom were female (78.9%). The most frequently detected MSA was anti-Mi2 (34.2%), which was significantly associated with myopathic involvement (84.6%, p = 0.026). The most common capillaroscopic patterns were nonspecific alterations (39.5%), followed by a scleroderma-like pattern (26.3%) and an active scleroderma pattern (23.7%). Patients with active disease more frequently exhibited the active scleroderma pattern (38.1%, p = 0.020) and the scleroderma-like pattern (42.9%, p = 0.010), whereas those with inactive disease predominantly presented nonspecific alterations (70.6%, p < 0.001). These findings support the value of MSAs and capillaroscopy as useful tools for the characterization and follow-up of patients with dermatomyositis.
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reumatología