Epilepsia en el adulto mayor: revisión bibliográfica, diagnóstico diferencial y propuesta de algoritmo de abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico
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Abstract
El envejecimiento poblacional progresivo ha condicionado un aumento significativo en la incidencia de la epilepsia, consolidando esta entidad como un desafío emergente de salud pública.
En la población geriátrica, las crisis epilépticas suelen manifestarse de forma sutil y atípica, mimetizando frecuentemente otros grandes síndromes geriátricos, lo cual provoca que esta entidad constituya un verdadero reto diagnóstico y se dificulte su reconocimiento y tratamiento oportunos. El presente trabajo corresponde a una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura con el objetivo de sintetizar la evidencia científica sobre el diagnóstico y manejo integral de las crisis epilépticas en geriatría. Asimismo, analiza críticamente la relación entre epilepsia, riesgo cardiovascular y deterioro cognitivo.
En el ámbito terapéutico, se enfatiza la necesidad de individualizar el tratamiento farmacológico, priorizando el uso de fármacos anticrisis epilépticas de nueva generación, como lamotrigina y levetiracetam, con el propósito de minimizar interacciones medicamentosas y reducir efectos adversos que comprometan el estado funcional y cognitivo del paciente.
Como principal aporte clínico, se propone el algoritmo diagnóstico- terapéutico de creación propia “SEIZURE-VITAL, una herramienta mnemotécnica diseñada para sistematizar el diagnóstico diferencial, orientar la identificación etiológica y guiar la toma de decisiones médicas tanto en el escenario agudo como en el seguimiento crónico”.
Progressive population aging has led to a significant increase in the incidence of late- onset epilepsy, establishing this condition as an emerging challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. In the geriatric population, epileptic seizures frequently present with subtle and atypical manifestations, often mimicking other major geriatric syndromes. This semiological overlap, complicates early recognition, delays therapeutic intervention and represents a substantial diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. The present work provides a comprehensive literature review aimed at synthesizing current scientific evidence on the diagnosis and management of seizures in older adults. Furthermore, it analyses the relationship between epilepsy, cardiovascular risk and cognitive decline. From a therapeutic perspective, this review emphasizes the imperative need for individualized management, prioritizing the use of newer antiseizure medications such as lamotrigine and levetiracetam to minimize drug interactions and reduce adverse effects that may compromise neurological and functional status. As its primary clinical contribution, this work proposes the original diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm “SEIZURE- VITAL”, a mnemonic tool designated to systematize differential diagnosis, identify the underlying etiology and guide clinical decision making in both acute and chronic care settings.
Progressive population aging has led to a significant increase in the incidence of late- onset epilepsy, establishing this condition as an emerging challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. In the geriatric population, epileptic seizures frequently present with subtle and atypical manifestations, often mimicking other major geriatric syndromes. This semiological overlap, complicates early recognition, delays therapeutic intervention and represents a substantial diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. The present work provides a comprehensive literature review aimed at synthesizing current scientific evidence on the diagnosis and management of seizures in older adults. Furthermore, it analyses the relationship between epilepsy, cardiovascular risk and cognitive decline. From a therapeutic perspective, this review emphasizes the imperative need for individualized management, prioritizing the use of newer antiseizure medications such as lamotrigine and levetiracetam to minimize drug interactions and reduce adverse effects that may compromise neurological and functional status. As its primary clinical contribution, this work proposes the original diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm “SEIZURE- VITAL”, a mnemonic tool designated to systematize differential diagnosis, identify the underlying etiology and guide clinical decision making in both acute and chronic care settings.
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Keywords
Epilepsia, Crisis epiléptica, Deterioro cognitivo, Asociación bidireccional, Riesgo cardiovascular, Inicio tardío