Experiencia del uso de pembrolizumab como tratamiento de primera línea en pacientes con melanoma irresecable/metastásico tratados en los servicios de oncología médica de los hospitales Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez, México y San Juan de Dios del 01 de enero del 2019 al 31 de diciembre del 2023
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Introducción: El melanoma avanzado constituye un desafío terapéutico, en especial en la salud pública. El pembrolizumab, un inhibidor de PD-1, demuestra eficacia en ensayos clínicos, sin embargo, existe poca evidencia en poblaciones latinoamericanas. Este estudio evalúa la efectividad y los factores pronósticos asociados al tratamiento con pembrolizumab en pacientes con melanoma irresecable o metastásico atendidos en hospitales de la CCSS. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio multicéntrico, de cohorte retrospectiva y observacional, que incluyó a pacientes con melanoma avanzado tratados con pembrolizumab como primera línea entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2023. Se analizaron la supervivencia general, la supervivencia libre de progresión, la tasa de respuesta objetiva y el control de la enfermedad, junto con los factores pronósticos. Además, se elaboró un modelo de estratificación de riesgo basado en el número acumulativo de factores desfavorables. Resultados: Se incluyeron 116 pacientes (mediana de edad: 65 años; 50.9 % hombres). La mediana de supervivencia general fue de 16 meses (IC95 %: 13.2–18.8) y la mediana de supervivencia libre de progresión fue de 10 meses (IC95 %: 8.1–11.9). La tasa de respuesta objetiva fue del 38.8 % y el control de la enfermedad del 60.3 %. Los factores pronósticos desfavorables significativamente asociados con menor supervivencia fueron: DHL >250 mg/dL, metástasis cerebrales y ECOG ≥1. La presencia de enfermedad en tres o más órganos impactó negativamente la supervivencia libre de progresión. El uso de antibióticos los primeros 30 días posteriores al inicio de la inmunoterapia se asoció con una peor supervivencia general. El modelo predictivo de riesgo mostró una correlación significativa entre el número acumulado de factores adversos y la disminución de la supervivencia. Conclusión: El pembrolizumab demostró efectividad en el contexto de la vida real en Costa Rica, con resultados comparables a los de estudios pivotales, aunque con una supervivencia general inferior, probablemente influida por la alta prevalencia de factores clínicos adversos. La identificación de DHL elevado, metástasis cerebrales y ECOG ≥1 como predictores negativos subraya la relevancia de la estratificación pronóstica para optimizar el manejo terapéutico en esta población.
Introduction: Advanced melanoma represents a therapeutic challenge, particularly in public health settings. Pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials; however, evidence in Latin American populations remains limited. This study evaluates the effectiveness and prognostic factors associated with pembrolizumab treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma treated at hospitals of the Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted, including patients with advanced melanoma who received pembrolizumab asfirst-line therapy between January 2019 and December 2023. Overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate, and disease control rate were analyzed, along with prognostic factors. A risk stratification model was developed based on the cumulative number of unfavorable factors. Results: A total of 116 patients were included (median age: 65 years; 50.9% male). Median overall survival was 16 months (95% CI: 13.2–18.8), and median progression-free survival was 10 months (95% CI: 8.1–11.9). The objective response rate was 38.8%, and the disease control rate was 60.3%. Unfavorable prognostic factors significantly associated with worse survival were LDH >250 mg/dL, brain metastases, and ECOG ≥1. The presence of disease in ≥3 organs negatively impacted progression-free survival. The use of antibiotics within the first 30 days after starting immunotherapy was associated with poorer overall survival. The predictive risk model showed a significant correlation between the cumulative number of adverse factors and decreased survival. Conclusion: Pembrolizumab demonstrated effectiveness in the real-world setting in Costa Rica, with results comparable to pivotal trials, although with lower overall survival, likely influenced by the high prevalence of adverse clinical factors. The identification of elevated LDH, brain metastases, and ECOG ≥1 as negative predictors underscores the relevance of prognostic stratification to optimize therapeutic management in this population.
Introduction: Advanced melanoma represents a therapeutic challenge, particularly in public health settings. Pembrolizumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials; however, evidence in Latin American populations remains limited. This study evaluates the effectiveness and prognostic factors associated with pembrolizumab treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma treated at hospitals of the Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted, including patients with advanced melanoma who received pembrolizumab asfirst-line therapy between January 2019 and December 2023. Overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate, and disease control rate were analyzed, along with prognostic factors. A risk stratification model was developed based on the cumulative number of unfavorable factors. Results: A total of 116 patients were included (median age: 65 years; 50.9% male). Median overall survival was 16 months (95% CI: 13.2–18.8), and median progression-free survival was 10 months (95% CI: 8.1–11.9). The objective response rate was 38.8%, and the disease control rate was 60.3%. Unfavorable prognostic factors significantly associated with worse survival were LDH >250 mg/dL, brain metastases, and ECOG ≥1. The presence of disease in ≥3 organs negatively impacted progression-free survival. The use of antibiotics within the first 30 days after starting immunotherapy was associated with poorer overall survival. The predictive risk model showed a significant correlation between the cumulative number of adverse factors and decreased survival. Conclusion: Pembrolizumab demonstrated effectiveness in the real-world setting in Costa Rica, with results comparable to pivotal trials, although with lower overall survival, likely influenced by the high prevalence of adverse clinical factors. The identification of elevated LDH, brain metastases, and ECOG ≥1 as negative predictors underscores the relevance of prognostic stratification to optimize therapeutic management in this population.
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pembrolizumab, melanoma, metástasis, melanoma avanzado, inmunoterapia, factores de riesgo, advanced melanoma, immunotherapy, risk factors
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