La tentación del cogito en la ontología de la carne de Maurice Merleau-Ponty
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Durán Guillén, José David
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En esta investigación se aborda la pregunta acerca de cómo retorna el problema del cogito reflexivo en la ontología de la carne de Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
En el primer capítulo se introduce el problema del cogito tácito en Fenomenología de la percepción (1945), concepto con el que Merleau-Ponty pretende dar fundamento al cogito reflexivo cartesiano. Para ello se abordan los principales aspectos relacionados con la doble postura fenomenológica del autor. Por un lado, se trata de reducir la primacía de la presencia a sí del cogito y de proponer el cuerpo perceptivo como condición de fenomenización. Por el otro, se trata de hacer énfasis en la pertenencia del cuerpo al mundo y la trascendencia de este último. Para poner en el centro de discusión la primacía del cuerpo perceptivo en relación con el cogito reflexivo se resalta la importancia del lenguaje y de la expresión como comportamientos corporales. Finalmente, se conduce la discusión hacia el cogito tácito como vivencia prerreflexiva del cuerpo.
En el segundo capítulo, se rastrea la permanencia del problema del cogito tácito en Lo visible y lo invisible (1964), obra póstuma en la que Merleau-Ponty pretendía superar este concepto de herencia fenomenológica con una ontología de la carne. Para eso se demuestra la correspondencia entre el nuevo concepto de fe perceptiva y el antiguo de cogito tácito. Además, se trae de vuelta el problema del cogito reflexivo cartesiano con una discusión crítica sobre la filosofía reflexiva en la fenomenología. Finalmente, se demuestra el retorno del problema del cogito reflexivo en la nueva ontología de la carne del autor.
En el tercer y último capítulo, la discusión se centra en rastrear el cogito tácito en Lo visible y lo invisible (1964) y las razones que brinda el autor para exigir una renuncia a este concepto. Posteriormente, a través de una lectura detallada de los análisis del tacto y de la visión que sustentan la ontología de la carne, se intenta demostrar que la escritura filosófica de Merleau-Ponty está guiada por el cogito reflexivo en virtud de que sus descripciones fenomenológicas sostienen la primacía de la presencia en el presente viviente del cuerpo. Esto lleva la discusión a plantear el problema de la subjetividad trascendental que corroe la ontología de la carne. Por último, se plantea que el autor privilegia la presencia y la coincidencia, propias del cogito reflexivo, aun cuando la ontología de la carne postula la distancia y la no-coincidencia entre cuerpo y mundo.
This dissertation addresses the question of how the problem of the reflexive cogito returns in Maurice Merleau-Ponty's ontology of the flesh. In the first chapter, the problem of the tacit cogito is introduced in Phenomenology of Perception (1945). Through this concept Merleau-Ponty aims to provide a foundation for the reflexive cogito (Descartes). Thus, the main aspects related to the double phenomenological position of the author are addressed. On the one hand, it is necessary to reduce the primacy of the presence to itself of the cogito by proposing the perceptual body as a condition of phenomenalization. On the other hand, the belonging of the body to the world and its transcendence is emphasized. The importance of language and expression as bodily behaviors is highlighted to put in the center of discussion the primacy of the perceptual body in relation to the reflective cogito. Finally, the discussion is directed towards the tacit cogito as a pre-reflective experience of the body. In the second chapter, the permanence of the problem of the tacit cogito is traced in The Visible and the Invisible (1964) –a posthumous work in which Merleau-Ponty tried to overcome this concept of phenomenological inheritance with an ontology of the flesh. For that, the correspondence between the new concept of perceptive faith and the old one of tacit cogito is demonstrated. In addition, the problem of the Cartesian reflexive cogito is brought back with a critical discussion on the reflexive philosophy in phenomenology. Finally, the return of the problem of the reflexive cogito in the new ontology of the flesh is demonstrated. In the third and final chapter, the discussion focuses on tracing the tacit cogito in The Visible and the Invisible (1964) and also on the reasons given by the author to demand a renunciation of this concept. Subsequently, through a detailed reading of the analyzes of touch and vision that support the ontology of the flesh, an attempt is made to show that Merleau-Ponty's philosophical writing is guided by the reflexive cogito. The fact is that his phenomenological descriptions sustain the primacy of presence in the living present of the body. This leads the discussion to pose the problem of the transcendental subjectivity that corrodes the ontology of the flesh. Finally, it is argued that the author privileges the presence and coincidence, typical of the reflexive cogito, even when the ontology of the flesh postulates the distance and the non-coincidence between body and world.
This dissertation addresses the question of how the problem of the reflexive cogito returns in Maurice Merleau-Ponty's ontology of the flesh. In the first chapter, the problem of the tacit cogito is introduced in Phenomenology of Perception (1945). Through this concept Merleau-Ponty aims to provide a foundation for the reflexive cogito (Descartes). Thus, the main aspects related to the double phenomenological position of the author are addressed. On the one hand, it is necessary to reduce the primacy of the presence to itself of the cogito by proposing the perceptual body as a condition of phenomenalization. On the other hand, the belonging of the body to the world and its transcendence is emphasized. The importance of language and expression as bodily behaviors is highlighted to put in the center of discussion the primacy of the perceptual body in relation to the reflective cogito. Finally, the discussion is directed towards the tacit cogito as a pre-reflective experience of the body. In the second chapter, the permanence of the problem of the tacit cogito is traced in The Visible and the Invisible (1964) –a posthumous work in which Merleau-Ponty tried to overcome this concept of phenomenological inheritance with an ontology of the flesh. For that, the correspondence between the new concept of perceptive faith and the old one of tacit cogito is demonstrated. In addition, the problem of the Cartesian reflexive cogito is brought back with a critical discussion on the reflexive philosophy in phenomenology. Finally, the return of the problem of the reflexive cogito in the new ontology of the flesh is demonstrated. In the third and final chapter, the discussion focuses on tracing the tacit cogito in The Visible and the Invisible (1964) and also on the reasons given by the author to demand a renunciation of this concept. Subsequently, through a detailed reading of the analyzes of touch and vision that support the ontology of the flesh, an attempt is made to show that Merleau-Ponty's philosophical writing is guided by the reflexive cogito. The fact is that his phenomenological descriptions sustain the primacy of presence in the living present of the body. This leads the discussion to pose the problem of the transcendental subjectivity that corrodes the ontology of the flesh. Finally, it is argued that the author privileges the presence and coincidence, typical of the reflexive cogito, even when the ontology of the flesh postulates the distance and the non-coincidence between body and world.
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ontología de la carne, fenomenología, Merleau-Ponty, cogito reflexivo, cogito tácito, percepción, cuerpo propio