Mercados laborales, disparidades socioeconómicas regionales y pobreza en Costa Rica, 2010-2017
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Izquierdo Vázquez, Carlos
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Abstract
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la trayectoria de las desigualdades regionales
para explicar las disparidades económicas y sociales de las personas pobres en
cuanto a su participación en los mercados laborales en Costa Rica entre 2010 y 2017
a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, elaborada anualmente por el Instituto
Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). Como metodología, se calcularon los
porcentajes de los siguientes indicadores en los hogares con personas pobres:
desempleo de larga duración y personas desalentadas, incumplimiento de otros
derechos laborales (el incumplimiento del pago del salario mínimo se contabilizó
aparte en las fuentes) y el empleo independiente informal. Posteriormente,
se determinaron las especificidades por clase, género y tipo de empleo de la
población en estado de pobreza. Se concluye que hubo importantes brechas entre
las regiones socioeconómicas de Costa Rica. La Región Central fue mayormente
urbana y concentró las actividades más dinámicas de la “nueva economía”.
Las demás regiones presentaron una mayor proporción de población pobre,
principalmente empleada en las labores agrícolas. Los pobres se caracterizaron
por tener la educación básica incompleta, bajos ingresos, participación en trabajos
poco calificados y mayores niveles de informalidad laboral e incumplimiento de
derechos laborales. A la población en pobreza extrema se le dificultó más salir
de su condición, ya que sus ingresos (considerablemente inferiores a los del resto
de los pobres) casi no aumentaron, pese a la implementación de algunas políticas
sociales focalizadas.
The objective of this article is to analyze the trajectory of regional inequalities to explain the economic and social disparities of poor people in terms of their participation in labor markets in Costa Rica between 2010 and 2017 based on the National Household Survey, prepared annually by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC). As a methodology, the percentages of the following indicators were calculated in households with poor people: long-term unemployment and discouraged people (non-compliance with the payment of the minimum wage was counted separately in the sources) and informal self- employment. Subsequently, were determined the specificities by class, gender and type of employment of the population in a state of poverty. It is concluded that there were important gaps between the socioeconomic regions of Costa Rica. The Central Region was mostly urban and concentrated the most dynamic activities of the “new economy”. The other regions had a higher proportion of poor population, mainly employed in agricultural work. The poor were characterized by having incomplete basic education, low income, participation in low-skilled jobs, and higher levels of labor informality and non-compliance with labor rights. It was more difficult for the population in extreme poverty to get out of their condition, since their incomes (considerably lower than those of the rest of the poor) hardly increased, despite the implementation of some targeted social policies.
The objective of this article is to analyze the trajectory of regional inequalities to explain the economic and social disparities of poor people in terms of their participation in labor markets in Costa Rica between 2010 and 2017 based on the National Household Survey, prepared annually by the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC). As a methodology, the percentages of the following indicators were calculated in households with poor people: long-term unemployment and discouraged people (non-compliance with the payment of the minimum wage was counted separately in the sources) and informal self- employment. Subsequently, were determined the specificities by class, gender and type of employment of the population in a state of poverty. It is concluded that there were important gaps between the socioeconomic regions of Costa Rica. The Central Region was mostly urban and concentrated the most dynamic activities of the “new economy”. The other regions had a higher proportion of poor population, mainly employed in agricultural work. The poor were characterized by having incomplete basic education, low income, participation in low-skilled jobs, and higher levels of labor informality and non-compliance with labor rights. It was more difficult for the population in extreme poverty to get out of their condition, since their incomes (considerably lower than those of the rest of the poor) hardly increased, despite the implementation of some targeted social policies.
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Keywords
Pobres, Educación, Empleo, Migración, Sector informal, Poor, Education, Employment, Migration, Informal sector
Citation
https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/dialogos/article/view/52895