Análisis del cambio institucional en el territorio costarricense y su territorialidad, a partir de las transformaciones globales y locales
Fecha
2024
Autores
Alarcón Rivera, Johanna
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La investigación aborda el análisis del cambio institucional en el territorio costarricense y su territorialidad a partir de las transformaciones globales y locales. La hipótesis de trabajo del estudio planteada es que, en la dinámica global-local, fruto del proceso de globalización, se producen una serie de procesos globales y locales que tienen efectos en el territorio, donde los actores, a través de sus relaciones de poder, generan cambios en las instituciones que, a la vez, provocan implicaciones en la territorialidad -en cuanto a dimensión-, acorde con los intereses de insertarse estratégicamente ante las nuevas dinámicas globalizantes. Es así como la pregunta central del problema a investigar consiste en ¿Cómo las transformaciones en el territorio costarricense, en el contexto de los procesos globales y locales, generan cambios en las instituciones del territorio que provocan implicaciones en la territorialidad -en cuanto dimensión-, teniendo en cuenta la teoría del cambio institucional gradual?, según Mahoney y Thelen (2010).
En aras de dar respuesta a lo anterior, el objetivo general que se planteó consiste en
analizar el cambio en las instituciones del territorio costarricense y las implicaciones en la territorialidad -en cuanto dimensión-, en el contexto de los procesos globales y locales, teniendo en cuenta la teoría de cambio institucional gradual. A la vez, se plantearon los objetivos específicos de sistematizar el cambio institucional, las instituciones del territorio y la territorialidad -en cuanto dimensión-, en el contexto de los procesos globales y locales; valorar las principales transformaciones del territorio costarricense, resultado de los procesos globales y locales, que generan territorios y cambios institucionales; determinar los tipos de cambio de las instituciones del territorio costarricense y las implicaciones en la territorialidad -en cuanto a dimensión-, frente a las transformaciones territoriales, en el contexto de los procesos globales y locales; y finalmente analizar el cambio en las instituciones del territorio costarricense y las implicaciones en la territorialidad -en cuanto a dimensión-, en el contexto de los procesos globales y locales.
La estrategia metodológica utilizada para el desarrollo de la investigación consistió en
process tracing según Della Porta y Keating (2013), que permitió observar los mecanismos causales que a partir de procesos globales y locales producen transformaciones económicas, tecnológicas, culturales, sociales y políticas que tienen efectos en el territorio costarricense, generando cambios en las instituciones del territorio que provocan implicaciones en la territorialidad -en cuanto dimensión-. Para esto, se consideró como punto de inflexión la década de 1980, dadas las consecuencias en la transformación estructural a nivel económico y social en el estilo del desarrollo nacional en el país (Rovira, 2001), así como otras circunstancias que acontecieron a este hito histórico. Como resultado, se valoró entre las
principales transformaciones a la planificación del territorio y la diversificación de
actividades productivas.
Al realizarse la investigación con el fin de determinar el tipo de cambio institucional en
las instituciones que gestionan el territorio costarricense y su territorialidad, según la teoría del cambio institucional gradual de Mahoney y Thelen (2010), considerando sus cuatro tipos: desplazamiento, estratificación, deriva y conversión, se encontró evidencia conforme a la transformación de planificación del territorio en tres de tipos de cambio, en cuanto a desplazamiento: el Plan GAM 1982, Plan GAM 2013-2030 y la ley 7554 orgánica de ambiente; en estratificación: la institución del anillo de contención urbana y la Política Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial (PNOT) 2012-2030; y a la deriva: el anillo de contención urbana.
De la misma manera, por el lado de la transformación de diversificación de actividades
productivas, el tipo de cambio institucional en las instituciones responden al de conversión. Tanto la ley 7638 de la Asamblea Legislativa (1996) del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior (COMEX) y la Promotora de Comercio Exterior (PROCOMER), siendo esta última organización que asume las funciones desempeñadas por el Centro para la Promoción de las Exportaciones y de las Inversiones (CENPRO), la Corporación de Zonas Francas de Exportación y el Consejo Nacional de Inversiones. Además, la ley 6735 de la Asamblea Legislativa (1982) de IDA que se convierte en la ley 9036 de la Asamblea Legislativa (2012) de INDER, a nivel organizacional-funcional.
This research explores the analysis of institutional change in the Costa Rican territory and its territorial implications in the context of global and local transformations. The study's working hypothesis posits that, within the global-local dynamics resulting from the process of globalization, various global and local processes occur, impacting the territory. Actors, through their power relations, initiate changes in institutions, consequently influencing territoriality in dimensions that align with their strategic integration amid new globalizing dynamics. Hence, the central research question emerges: How do transformations in the Costa Rican territory, amidst global and local processes, induce changes in territorial institutions, thereby affecting territoriality dimensions, all while considering the theory of gradual institutional change as proposed by Mahoney and Thelen (2010)? In response to this question, the primary objective is to analyze the changes in Costa Rican territorial institutions and their implications on territoriality dimensions within the framework of global and local processes, all guided by the theory of gradual institutional change. Specific objectives include systematizing institutional change, territorial institutions, and territoriality dimensions concerning global and local processes; evaluating the principal transformations in the Costa Rican territory, stemming from global and local processes, which give rise to territories and institutional shifts; determining the types of changes in Costa Rican territorial institutions and their implications for territoriality dimensions amid global and local processes, as per the theory of gradual institutional change; identifying institutional changes in the Costa Rican territory and their implications for territoriality dimensions within the context of global and local processes. The research methodology employed for this study utilizes process tracing, following the approach outlined by Della Porta and Keating (2013). This method enables the observation of causal mechanisms arising from global and local processes, leading to economic, technological, cultural, social, and political transformations that impact the Costa Rican territory. These transformations, in turn, drive changes in territorial institutions, thereby shaping territoriality dimensions. The pivotal period of the 1980s was selected, considering its significant consequences on structural transformations at the economic and social levels, influencing the national development paradigm in Costa Rica, along with other historical milestones. Upon analyzing institutional change in the Costa Rican territory and its territoriality, based on Mahoney and Thelen's (2010) theory of gradual institutional change, which inlcudes displacement, stratification, drift, and conversion, the evidence presented demonstrates that the transformation of territorial planning involves institutions undergoing three types of change. Firstly, displacement, illustrated by the GAM Plan 1982, GAM Plan 2013-2030, and Organic Law 7554 concerning the environment. Secondly, stratification is represented by the institution of the urban containment ring and the National Land Use Planning Policy 2012-2030. Lastly, drift, particularly pertaining to the urban containment ring. Regarding the diversification of productive activities, institutional change within overseeing bodies aligns with the concept of conversion. This is exemplified by Law 7638 of the Legislative Assembly (1996), governing the Ministry of Foreign Trade (COMEX), and the Foreign Trade Promoter (PROCOMER). PROCOMER absorbed functions previously carried out by the Center for the Promotion of Exports and Investments (CENPRO), the Export Free Zones Corporation, and the National Investment Council. Similarly, Law 6735 of the Legislative Assembly (1982), concerning the Institute of Agrarian Development (IDA), evolved into Law 9036 of the Legislative Assembly (2012), marking significant organizational and functional transformations.
This research explores the analysis of institutional change in the Costa Rican territory and its territorial implications in the context of global and local transformations. The study's working hypothesis posits that, within the global-local dynamics resulting from the process of globalization, various global and local processes occur, impacting the territory. Actors, through their power relations, initiate changes in institutions, consequently influencing territoriality in dimensions that align with their strategic integration amid new globalizing dynamics. Hence, the central research question emerges: How do transformations in the Costa Rican territory, amidst global and local processes, induce changes in territorial institutions, thereby affecting territoriality dimensions, all while considering the theory of gradual institutional change as proposed by Mahoney and Thelen (2010)? In response to this question, the primary objective is to analyze the changes in Costa Rican territorial institutions and their implications on territoriality dimensions within the framework of global and local processes, all guided by the theory of gradual institutional change. Specific objectives include systematizing institutional change, territorial institutions, and territoriality dimensions concerning global and local processes; evaluating the principal transformations in the Costa Rican territory, stemming from global and local processes, which give rise to territories and institutional shifts; determining the types of changes in Costa Rican territorial institutions and their implications for territoriality dimensions amid global and local processes, as per the theory of gradual institutional change; identifying institutional changes in the Costa Rican territory and their implications for territoriality dimensions within the context of global and local processes. The research methodology employed for this study utilizes process tracing, following the approach outlined by Della Porta and Keating (2013). This method enables the observation of causal mechanisms arising from global and local processes, leading to economic, technological, cultural, social, and political transformations that impact the Costa Rican territory. These transformations, in turn, drive changes in territorial institutions, thereby shaping territoriality dimensions. The pivotal period of the 1980s was selected, considering its significant consequences on structural transformations at the economic and social levels, influencing the national development paradigm in Costa Rica, along with other historical milestones. Upon analyzing institutional change in the Costa Rican territory and its territoriality, based on Mahoney and Thelen's (2010) theory of gradual institutional change, which inlcudes displacement, stratification, drift, and conversion, the evidence presented demonstrates that the transformation of territorial planning involves institutions undergoing three types of change. Firstly, displacement, illustrated by the GAM Plan 1982, GAM Plan 2013-2030, and Organic Law 7554 concerning the environment. Secondly, stratification is represented by the institution of the urban containment ring and the National Land Use Planning Policy 2012-2030. Lastly, drift, particularly pertaining to the urban containment ring. Regarding the diversification of productive activities, institutional change within overseeing bodies aligns with the concept of conversion. This is exemplified by Law 7638 of the Legislative Assembly (1996), governing the Ministry of Foreign Trade (COMEX), and the Foreign Trade Promoter (PROCOMER). PROCOMER absorbed functions previously carried out by the Center for the Promotion of Exports and Investments (CENPRO), the Export Free Zones Corporation, and the National Investment Council. Similarly, Law 6735 of the Legislative Assembly (1982), concerning the Institute of Agrarian Development (IDA), evolved into Law 9036 of the Legislative Assembly (2012), marking significant organizational and functional transformations.
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Palabras clave
COSTA RICA, TERRITORIALIDAD, TERRITORIO, GESTIÓN, ORGANIZACIÓN, PROCESO GLOBAL Y LOCAL, CAMBIO INSTITUCIONAL