Anticoagulación sistémica en el adulto mayor: revisión basada en la evidencia sobre indicaciones, contraindicaciones, seguridad farmacológica con enfoque geriátrico para prescripción, diferimiento y suspensión.
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Abstract
La anticoagulación sistémica es una de las intervenciones farmacológicas más utilizadas en la población adulta mayor, principalmente indicada por fibrilación auricular y enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. Sin embargo, la decisión de anti coagular en geriatría no depende solo de confirmar una indicación clínica, sino de integrar el riesgo hemorrágico, los cambios fisiológicos del envejecimiento, la fragilidad, los síndromes geriátricos, la viabilidad terapéutica y los objetivos individualizados de atención.
Este trabajo busca sintetizar y evaluar la literatura actual respecto a la anticoagulación sistémica en adultos mayores. Comienza con un análisis detallado de estudios clínicos y farmacológicos recientes y relevantes, cubriendo las principales indicaciones para la anticoagulación, los medicamentos disponibles, los efectos de los síndromes geriátricos, los riesgos de sangrado y las contraindicaciones más importantes. El objetivo final es establecer criterios y recomendaciones claros para una prescripción segura, así como para decidir cuándo iniciar, aplazar o suspender el tratamiento, en el contexto de una toma de decisiones compartida y de una atención centrada en el paciente adulto mayor.
La revisión se ha organizado en torno a cuatro ejes principales: las indicaciones de la anticoagulación, su impacto clínico e implicaciones pronósticas; la farmacología de los anticoagulantes y cómo el envejecimiento afecta su farmacocinética y farmacodinámica; la influencia de los síndromes geriátricos en el beneficio clínico; y las consideraciones sobre contraindicaciones, alto riesgo de hemorragia, tratamiento de factores modificables, manejo perioperatorio, reinicio del tratamiento, prácticas de prescripción y principios bioéticos para apoyar la toma de decisiones compartida.
Se concluye que la anticoagulación en geriatría no depende solo del diagnóstico de una patología clínica; más bien depende de una evaluación multidimensional que considere la reserva fisiológica, la capacidad funcional, el estado cognitivo, la carga terapéutica, el apoyo social y las preferencias del paciente. Por lo tanto, las decisiones sobre iniciar, aplazar o suspender el tratamiento deben tomarse con cautela y basarse en una evaluación geriátrica integral e individualizada. En algunos casos, evitar, aplazar o interrumpir la anticoagulación puede ser una decisión clínica adecuada y proporcional.
Systemic anticoagulation is one of the most widely used pharmacological interventions in the elderly population, mainly indicated for atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolic disease. However, the decision to anticoagulated in geriatrics does not depend only on confirming a clinical indication, but on integrating bleeding risk, physiological changes of aging, frailty, geriatric syndromes, therapeutic feasibility, and individualized goals of care. This paper seeks to synthesize and evaluate the current literature regarding systemic anticoagulation in older adults. It begins with a detailed analysis of recent and relevant clinical and pharmacological studies, covering the main indications for anticoagulation, the main medications available, the effects of geriatric syndromes, the risks of bleeding and the most important contraindications. The goal is to establish clear criteria and recommendations for safe prescribing, as well as to decide when to initiate, postpone, or discontinue treatment, in the context of shared decision-making and care centered on the elderly patient. The review has been organized around four main axes: the indications for anticoagulation, its clinical impact and prognostic implications; the pharmacology of anticoagulants and how aging affects their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; the influence of geriatric syndromes on clinical benefit; and considerations on contraindications, high risk of bleeding, treatment of modifiable factors, perioperative management, reinitiation of treatment, prescribing practices, and bioethical principles to support shared decision-making. It is concluded that anticoagulation in geriatrics does not depend only on the diagnosis of a clinical pathology; rather, it depends on a multidimensional assessment that considers the patient's physiological reserve, functional capacity, cognitive status, therapeutic load, social support, and preferences. Therefore, decisions about starting, postponing, or stopping treatment should be made with caution and based on a comprehensive, individualized geriatric assessment. In some cases, avoiding, delaying, or stopping anticoagulation may be an appropriate and proportionate clinical decision.
Systemic anticoagulation is one of the most widely used pharmacological interventions in the elderly population, mainly indicated for atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolic disease. However, the decision to anticoagulated in geriatrics does not depend only on confirming a clinical indication, but on integrating bleeding risk, physiological changes of aging, frailty, geriatric syndromes, therapeutic feasibility, and individualized goals of care. This paper seeks to synthesize and evaluate the current literature regarding systemic anticoagulation in older adults. It begins with a detailed analysis of recent and relevant clinical and pharmacological studies, covering the main indications for anticoagulation, the main medications available, the effects of geriatric syndromes, the risks of bleeding and the most important contraindications. The goal is to establish clear criteria and recommendations for safe prescribing, as well as to decide when to initiate, postpone, or discontinue treatment, in the context of shared decision-making and care centered on the elderly patient. The review has been organized around four main axes: the indications for anticoagulation, its clinical impact and prognostic implications; the pharmacology of anticoagulants and how aging affects their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; the influence of geriatric syndromes on clinical benefit; and considerations on contraindications, high risk of bleeding, treatment of modifiable factors, perioperative management, reinitiation of treatment, prescribing practices, and bioethical principles to support shared decision-making. It is concluded that anticoagulation in geriatrics does not depend only on the diagnosis of a clinical pathology; rather, it depends on a multidimensional assessment that considers the patient's physiological reserve, functional capacity, cognitive status, therapeutic load, social support, and preferences. Therefore, decisions about starting, postponing, or stopping treatment should be made with caution and based on a comprehensive, individualized geriatric assessment. In some cases, avoiding, delaying, or stopping anticoagulation may be an appropriate and proportionate clinical decision.
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Anticoagulación, Fragilidad, Valoración Geriátrica Integral, Adulto Mayor, Anticoagulantes Orales Directos, Fibrilación Auricular, Deprescrioción