Valoración del neurodesarrollo entre los 48 y los 72 meses de edad en pacientes con antecedente de asfixia perinatal y encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica incluidos en el protocolo de hipotermia terapéutica del 1 de enero del año 2019 al 31 de diciembre del año 2020 en el Hospital Nacional de Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera.
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Introducción: La encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica es una alteración en la función cerebral neonatal, provocado por la disminución del aporte oxígeno cerebral. Se caracteriza por alteración del estado de conciencia, del tono muscular y de los reflejos. Existen predictores clínicos, bioquímicos, neurofisiológicos y de neuroimagen sobre el pronóstico a largo plazo. Existen escasos estudios a largo plazo en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Identificar los trastornos del neurodesarrollo en los pacientes con antecedente de asfixia perinatal y encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica, que fueron incluidos en protocolo de hipotermia terapéutica entre el 1 enero del año 2019 y 31 diciembre del año 2020, durante su seguimiento entre los 48 y 72 meses de edad en la consulta externa de egresados de Neonatología del Hospital Nacional de Niños, “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”. Metodología: estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de cohorte, de pacientes con encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica sometidos a protocolo de hipotermia terapéutica durante enero 2019 hasta diciembre 2020 en el Hospital Nacional de Niños, que tienen seguimiento entre los 48 y 72 meses en la consulta externa de egresados de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales de este mismo centro. Para el análisis se realizó descripción de frecuencias y proporciones, se utilizó la prueba exacta (Fisher). Resultados: se revisaron 99 expedientes, de los cuales 9 (n=9) cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y no tuvieron criterios de exclusión. El 66.7 % (n=6) fueron hombres. El 100% (n=9) tuvo una complicación periparto. El 88.8% de los sujetos presentó al menos una alteración en el neurodesarrollo en la valoración entre los 48 y 72 meses, siendo los más frecuentes, trastorno del lenguaje expresivo 55.5%, retraso global del desarrollo en el 44.4% y parálisis cerebral infantil en el 33.3%. Conclusiones: Los principales factores de riesgo para trastornos del neurodesarrollo fueron encefalopatía hipóxico isquémica severa, convulsiones neonatales y complicaciones multiorgánicas. Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo más frecuentes fueron trastorno del lenguaje, retraso global del desarrollo y parálisis cerebral infantil. El grado de encefalopatía correlaciona de forma proporcional con la severidad de los trastornos, principalmente los trastornos motores.
Introduction: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is an alteration in neonatal brain function caused by a decrease in cerebral oxygen supply. It is characterized by altered mental status, muscle tone, and reflexes. Clinical, biochemical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging predictors exist for long-term prognosis. However, there are few long-term studies in these patients. Objective: To identify neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with a history of perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who were included in a therapeutic hypothermia protocol between January 1st, 2019, and December 31th, 2020, during their follow-up between 48 and 72 months of age in the Neonatology Discharge Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera." Methodology: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who underwent therapeutic hypothermia between January 2019 and December 2020 at the Hospital Nacional de Niños. Patients were followed up for 48 to 72 months in the outpatient clinic of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the same hospital. Frequency and proportion descriptive statistics were used for analysis, and Fisher's exact test was employed. Results: 99 medical records were reviewed, of which nine (n=9) met the inclusion criteria and had no exclusion criteria. 66.7% (n=6) of the patients were male. All (n=9) experienced a peripartum complication. 88.8% of the subjects presented at least one neurodevelopmental disorder during the assessment between 48 and 72 months of age, the most frequent being expressive language disorder (55.5%), global developmental delay (44.4%), and cerebral palsy (33.3%). Conclusions: The main risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders were severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal seizures, and multi-organ complications. The most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders were language disorder, global developmental delay, and cerebral palsy. The degree of encephalopathy correlated proportionally with the severity of the disorders, specially in motor disorders.
Introduction: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is an alteration in neonatal brain function caused by a decrease in cerebral oxygen supply. It is characterized by altered mental status, muscle tone, and reflexes. Clinical, biochemical, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging predictors exist for long-term prognosis. However, there are few long-term studies in these patients. Objective: To identify neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with a history of perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who were included in a therapeutic hypothermia protocol between January 1st, 2019, and December 31th, 2020, during their follow-up between 48 and 72 months of age in the Neonatology Discharge Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Nacional de Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera." Methodology: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who underwent therapeutic hypothermia between January 2019 and December 2020 at the Hospital Nacional de Niños. Patients were followed up for 48 to 72 months in the outpatient clinic of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the same hospital. Frequency and proportion descriptive statistics were used for analysis, and Fisher's exact test was employed. Results: 99 medical records were reviewed, of which nine (n=9) met the inclusion criteria and had no exclusion criteria. 66.7% (n=6) of the patients were male. All (n=9) experienced a peripartum complication. 88.8% of the subjects presented at least one neurodevelopmental disorder during the assessment between 48 and 72 months of age, the most frequent being expressive language disorder (55.5%), global developmental delay (44.4%), and cerebral palsy (33.3%). Conclusions: The main risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders were severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal seizures, and multi-organ complications. The most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders were language disorder, global developmental delay, and cerebral palsy. The degree of encephalopathy correlated proportionally with the severity of the disorders, specially in motor disorders.
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Asfixia perinatal, Encefalopatía neonatal, Hipoxia, neurodesarrollo