Abordaje del manejo agudo de las fracturas de pelvis y su relación con la estabilidad hemodinámica del paciente politraumatizado: una revisión sistemática de la literatura
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Álvarez Chaves, Rolando
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Abstract
La mortalidad de un paciente con una fractura de pelvis hemodinámicamente inestable
se ha reportado en diferentes estudios entre un 40-50%. Este valor tan elevado se ha
atribuido a diversos factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos a la fractura, así como a la
dificultad en la coordinación de los diferentes grupos quirúrgicos relacionados. Existen
varios dispositivos y procedimientos descritos para el tratamiento agudo de esta
patología. Por ejemplo, la utilización de la sabana pélvica en pacientes con estas lesiones
traumáticas es un procedimiento clave en la estabilización y control de la patología,
permitiendo una mejor gestión del dolor y, principalmente, el control de la hemorragia en
su mayoría venosa, lo que disminuye el volumen de la cavidad y previene complicaciones
asociadas. Por su parte, el control de daños sustentado en la fijación externa
supraacetabular ha mostrado una disminución significativa en la tasa de mortalidad; sin
embargo, presenta el inconveniente de no estar indicado en todos los patrones de
fracturas pélvicas. En pacientes con inestabilidad hemodinámica persistente, el
empacado peritoneal se ha convertido en un método de tratamiento con una alta tasa de
éxito según estudios de alto nivel de evidencia científica. La embolización arterial
selectiva es un procedimiento que consiste en la obliteración de arterias específicas
mediante la introducción de un material embolizante. Además, en pacientes con fracturas
de pelvis e inestabilidad hemodinámica, esta técnica ha sido utilizada como una
estrategia terapéutica efectiva para controlar el sangrado y estabilizar al paciente, lo que
ha demostrado una alta tasa de éxito en la reducción de la morbimortalidad asociada a
las graves lesiones traumáticas de la pelvis, con el advenimiento de que únicamente un
5-10% de los pacientes requieren dicho procedimiento, ya que, en la mayoría de los
casos, el sangrado en la cavidad pélvica es de origen venoso. Así mismo, el empleo de
tornillos iliosacros en el tratamiento de lesiones pélvicas ha adquirido notable relevancia
en el ámbito de la cirugía ortopédica, debido a su eficacia para el control tanto de la
estabilidad hemodinámica como de los vectores de fuerzas mecánicas deformantes. A
pesar de ello, para lograr óptimos resultados en la intervención quirúrgica, se precisa una
meticulosa evaluación anatómica y entrenamiento en la técnica por parte del equipo
médico. También se ha demostrado que el empleo de un protocolo adecuado para el
manejo de estas lesiones en hospitales de trauma de Nivel I tiene un efecto significativo
en la disminución de la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes en cuestión. Este
hallazgo se ha constatado a través de rigurosos estudios científicos. Por lo que esta
revisión tiene como objetivo establecer una comprensión integral de las fracturas de
pelvis inestables, en términos anatómicos y fisiológicos.
The mortality rate for a patient with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures has been reported in various studies to be between 40-50%. This high value has been attributed to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to the fracture, as well as difficulties in coordinating the different surgical groups involved. There are various devices and procedures described for the acute treatment of this pathology. The use of a pelvic binder in patients with these traumatic injuries is a key procedure in stabilizing and controlling the pathology, allowing for better pain management and, mainly, controlling bleeding, which is mostly venous, reducing the volume of the cavity, and preventing associated complications. Damage control supported by supra-acetabular external fixation has shown a significant decrease in mortality rate, however, with the drawback of not being indicated in all patterns of pelvic fractures. In patients with persistent hemodynamic instability, abdominal packing has become a treatment method with a high success rate according to high-level scientific evidence studies. Selective arterial embolization is a procedure that consists of the obliteration of specific arteries through the introduction of an embolizing material. In patients with pelvic fractures and hemodynamic instability, this technique has been used as an effective therapeutic strategy to control bleeding and stabilize the patient, demonstrating a high success rate in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with serious pelvic traumatic injuries, with only 5-10% of patients requiring this procedure as in most cases the bleeding in the pelvic cavity is of venous origin. The use of iliosacral screws in the treatment of pelvic injuries has gained notable relevance in the field of orthopedic surgery due to its effectiveness in controlling both hemodynamic stability and the control of deforming mechanical force vectors. Despite this, a meticulous anatomical evaluation and technique training by the medical team is required to achieve optimal results in the surgical intervention. It has been demonstrated that the use of an adequate protocol for the management of these injuries in Level I trauma centers has a significant effect on the reduction of morbidity and mortality in the patients involved. This finding has been evidenced through rigorous scientific studies.
The mortality rate for a patient with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures has been reported in various studies to be between 40-50%. This high value has been attributed to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors related to the fracture, as well as difficulties in coordinating the different surgical groups involved. There are various devices and procedures described for the acute treatment of this pathology. The use of a pelvic binder in patients with these traumatic injuries is a key procedure in stabilizing and controlling the pathology, allowing for better pain management and, mainly, controlling bleeding, which is mostly venous, reducing the volume of the cavity, and preventing associated complications. Damage control supported by supra-acetabular external fixation has shown a significant decrease in mortality rate, however, with the drawback of not being indicated in all patterns of pelvic fractures. In patients with persistent hemodynamic instability, abdominal packing has become a treatment method with a high success rate according to high-level scientific evidence studies. Selective arterial embolization is a procedure that consists of the obliteration of specific arteries through the introduction of an embolizing material. In patients with pelvic fractures and hemodynamic instability, this technique has been used as an effective therapeutic strategy to control bleeding and stabilize the patient, demonstrating a high success rate in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with serious pelvic traumatic injuries, with only 5-10% of patients requiring this procedure as in most cases the bleeding in the pelvic cavity is of venous origin. The use of iliosacral screws in the treatment of pelvic injuries has gained notable relevance in the field of orthopedic surgery due to its effectiveness in controlling both hemodynamic stability and the control of deforming mechanical force vectors. Despite this, a meticulous anatomical evaluation and technique training by the medical team is required to achieve optimal results in the surgical intervention. It has been demonstrated that the use of an adequate protocol for the management of these injuries in Level I trauma centers has a significant effect on the reduction of morbidity and mortality in the patients involved. This finding has been evidenced through rigorous scientific studies.
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Fractura de pelvis, Inestabilidad hemodinámica, Tratamiento
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