Desinfección de superficies contaminadas con esporas de Clostridioides difficile con disoluciones activadas electroquímicamente
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Medaglia Mata, Alejandro
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Clostridioides difficile es el principal agente causal de diarrea nosocomial. Esta bacteria se
diferencia bajo ciertas condiciones adversas en endosporas, las cuales son difíciles de controlar debido a su alta resistencia a múltiples agentes desinfectantes. Agentes oxidantes
fuertes y compuestos derivados del cloro (p.ej. hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl), aldehídos y
ácido peracético) han demostrado ser efectivos en la eliminación de esporas de C. difficile
en suspensión y en superficies. Sin embargo, su uso se asocia a numerosas desventajas,
como corrosión de superficies, mal olor, irritación de ojos, piel y mucosas, entre otras.
Estas características indeseables están ausentes en las llamadas disoluciones electroquímicamente activadas (ECAS), las cuales muestran actividad bactericida y esporicida, bajos
costos de producción y almacenamiento, capacidad de ser preparadas in situ, y alta compatibilidad ambiental. En esta investigación se comparó la eficacia de ECAS derivadas de
NaCl (0.19% w/v NaOCl, pH=9.6-10.3), cloro comercial (2.83% w/v NaOCl, pH=5.6) e
isocianurato de sodio (NaDCC, pH=6.8) para inactivar esporas de diversas cepas de C.
difficile sobre superficies inanimadas de acuerdo con la prueba estándar cuantitativa aplicada US EPA MB-21-03. Los valores de reducción logarítmica (VRL) obtenidos fueron
estadísticamente diferentes entre los tratamientos (F3,40=76.09, p<0.0001), las cepas
(F9,40=16.42, p<0.0001) y la su interacción (F27,40=4.43, p<0.0001). Para efectos de una
potencial futura aplicación en campo, las ECAS mostraron VRLs similares o mejores
(0.40-5.56) que los obtenidos con NaOCl (0.12-5.50) o NaDCC (0.10-5.12). Análisis por
TEM revelaron que la morfología de esporas expuestas a ECAS, NaOCl y NaDCC es similar, pero distinta a la de esporas no tratadas. En este contexto, no se observó una disrupción evidente de la ultraestructura de las esporas, por lo que es probable que el daño causado por los desinfectantes probados ocurra a nivel funcional. Sin importar la cepa ni el
tiempo de activación de las ECAS, un análisis factorial confirmó que 15 minutos de exposición son suficientes para reducir al menos en 5 log10 los recuentos en plato de esporas de
la cepa más tolerante ensayada. Estos resultados posicionan a las ECAS derivadas de NaCl
como una alternativa prometedora para la desinfección de esporas de C. difficile en superficies ambientales duras no porosas y dispositivos médicos
Clostridioides difficileis the causal agent of nosocomial diarrhea and arises as an important cause of community-acquired diarrhea. Under adverse conditions, this bacterium differentiates into endospores, which are resistance structures with high tolerance to multiple disinfectant agents and therefore troublesome to control. Strong oxidizing agents and chlorinederived compounds, such as hypochlorite (ClO-1), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), glutaraldehyde, o-phthalaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, have proven effective in the inactivation of spores of C. difficile. However, their use is associated with numerous drawbacks, including corrosion of surfaces, bad odor, and irritation of eyes, skin and mucous membranes, among others. These undesired characteristics are not present in the socalled electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS), which show bactericidal and sporicidal activity, low production and storage costs, possibility to be prepared in situ, and high environmental compatibility. In this study, the efficacy of NaCl-derived ECAS (0.18% w/v NaOCl, pH=9.6-10.3), commercial chlorine (2.83% w/v NaOCl, pH=5.6) and NaDCC(pH=6.8) to inactivate spores of various strains of C. difficileon inanimate surfaces was com-pared using the US EPA MO-21-03 standard quantitative test. The logarithmic reduction values (LR) recorded were significantly different between treatments (F3,40= 76.09,p<0.0001), strains (F9,40=16.42,p<0.0001) and the interaction of both factors (F27,40=4.43,p<0.0001). For the purposes of a potential future field application, ECAS showed similar or better LR values (0.40-5.56) than NaOCl (0.12-5.50) or NaDCC (0.10-5.12). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed that the morphology of spores exposed to ECAS, NaOCl and NaDCC was similar but distinct to that of untreated spores. No evident ultra structural disruptions were seen, so the damage likely occurs at a functional level. Regardless of the strain or the ECAS activation time, a factorial design con-firmed that 15 minutes of exposure time are sufficient to reduce spore plate counts from the most tolerant strain assayed in at least 5 log10 units. These results highlight NaCl-derived ECAS as a promising alternative for the disinfection of C. difficile spores on hard non-porous environmental surfaces and medical devices.
Clostridioides difficileis the causal agent of nosocomial diarrhea and arises as an important cause of community-acquired diarrhea. Under adverse conditions, this bacterium differentiates into endospores, which are resistance structures with high tolerance to multiple disinfectant agents and therefore troublesome to control. Strong oxidizing agents and chlorinederived compounds, such as hypochlorite (ClO-1), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), glutaraldehyde, o-phthalaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, have proven effective in the inactivation of spores of C. difficile. However, their use is associated with numerous drawbacks, including corrosion of surfaces, bad odor, and irritation of eyes, skin and mucous membranes, among others. These undesired characteristics are not present in the socalled electrochemically activated solutions (ECAS), which show bactericidal and sporicidal activity, low production and storage costs, possibility to be prepared in situ, and high environmental compatibility. In this study, the efficacy of NaCl-derived ECAS (0.18% w/v NaOCl, pH=9.6-10.3), commercial chlorine (2.83% w/v NaOCl, pH=5.6) and NaDCC(pH=6.8) to inactivate spores of various strains of C. difficileon inanimate surfaces was com-pared using the US EPA MO-21-03 standard quantitative test. The logarithmic reduction values (LR) recorded were significantly different between treatments (F3,40= 76.09,p<0.0001), strains (F9,40=16.42,p<0.0001) and the interaction of both factors (F27,40=4.43,p<0.0001). For the purposes of a potential future field application, ECAS showed similar or better LR values (0.40-5.56) than NaOCl (0.12-5.50) or NaDCC (0.10-5.12). Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses revealed that the morphology of spores exposed to ECAS, NaOCl and NaDCC was similar but distinct to that of untreated spores. No evident ultra structural disruptions were seen, so the damage likely occurs at a functional level. Regardless of the strain or the ECAS activation time, a factorial design con-firmed that 15 minutes of exposure time are sufficient to reduce spore plate counts from the most tolerant strain assayed in at least 5 log10 units. These results highlight NaCl-derived ECAS as a promising alternative for the disinfection of C. difficile spores on hard non-porous environmental surfaces and medical devices.
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Keywords
Desinfección, Superficies, Clostridioides difficile, Ciclo, Voltametría