Efecto de la Aplicación de Enmiendas Convencionales y Micronizadas en la Acidez de un Ultisol y en el Crecimiento de Piña, en Río Cuarto, Alajuela, Costa Rica
Fecha
2023
Tipo
tesis de maestría
Autores
Álvarez Jiménez, Luis Martín
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Resumen
Se evaluó el efecto de la aplicación de una enmienda convencional y dos micronizadas en el
control de la acidez de un Ultisol y en el crecimiento del cultivo la piña. El experimento se
realizó entre agosto de 2020 y marzo de 2022 en la finca Anexco, Rio Cuarto, Alajuela, Costa
Rica. El estudio se realizó en un suelo del orden Ultisol con una concentración promedio de
calcio y magnesio de 1,6 cmol.l-1
y 0,7 cmol.l-1
respectivamente, una acidez intercambiable
de 1,3 cmol.l-1 y un pH de 4,8; lo que evidencia la alta acidez y baja fertilidad presente en el
suelo, antes de la aplicación de las enmiendas. El experimento contó con 10 tratamientos y 4
repeticiones por tratamiento, utilizando como tratamientos dosis crecientes de carbonato de
calcio (malla 170): 1, 2 y 3 ton.ha-1
(C1, C2 y C3 respectivamente), de carbonato de calcio
floable en polvo mojable para la aplicación líquida (malla 1500): 200, 300 y 400 kg. ha-1
(S200, S300 y S400 respectivamente) y de carbonato de calcio floable en polvo mojable para
la aplicación líquida (malla 1200): 200, 400 y 400 kg. ha-1
(E200, E400 y E400X
respectivamente), así como un testigo absoluto sin enmienda. Los tratamientos C1, C2 y C3
se aplicaron con encaladora antes del encamado (y confección de drenajes), en tanto las
enmiendas micronizadas se aplicaron sobre el suelo con un spray boom después de realizadas
las camas y los drenajes. La fertilidad y acidez del suelo se evaluó a los 40, 64, 124, 400 y
590 días después de la aplicación (dda) de las enmiendas. A los 60, 90 y 120 dda de las
enmiendas se llevaron a cabo mediciones de altura de planta, número de hojas, largo y ancho
de la hoja “D”. También se realizó un análisis foliar de la hoja “D” aproximadamente a los 6
meses luego de la aplicación de los tratamientos. Las enmiendas utilizadas no mostraron un
efecto importante sobre las variables de crecimiento analizadas. La aplicación de enmiendas
no marcó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el pH del suelo con respecto al
testigo en ninguna de las evaluaciones. En cuanto a la acidez intercambiable del suelo, el
efecto comenzó a disminuir a partir de los 124 dda (diciembre), pero en general se mantuvo
la tendencia de que, a mayor dosis, menos acidez intercambiable. Los tratamientos C3, S400,
S300, E400X y E400 disminuyeron el porcentaje de saturación de acidez con respecto al
testigo, algunos evidenciaron solo una tendencia y otros mostraron diferencia
estadísticamente significativa, al menos en uno de los tiempos evaluados. El contenido de Ca
en el suelo aumentó con la aplicación de enmiendas en todas las evaluaciones, con mayor
magnitud a los 40, 64 y 124 dda. A los 40 dda (septiembre 2020) la aplicación de E200, E400,
S300, S400 y C3 aumentó significativamente el contenido de Ca en el suelo con respecto al
testigo. La aplicación de C1, C2 y C3 disminuyó el contenido de Mg intercambiable en el
suelo con respecto al testigo. En su mayoría, las enmiendas micronizadas lograron un ligero
aumento, de manera no significativa, en el contenido de Mg con respecto al testigo. El
contenido N, P, K, Ca y Mg en la hoja “D” obtenidos en los diferentes tratamientos se
encuentran dentro de los niveles óptimos para concentraciones foliares en el cultivo de piña.
Se concluye que las enmiendas micronizadas pueden reducir la acidez y aumentar la fertilidad
del suelo, a una dosis entre 5 y 6 veces menos que las enmiendas convencionales y con un
efecto residual en campo de al menos 590 días.
The effect of the application of a conventional amendment and two micronized was evaluated in the control of the acidity of an Ultisol and on the growth of the pineapple. The experiment was carried out between August 2020 and March 2022 at the Anexco farm, Rio Cuarto, Alajuela, Costa Rica. The study was carried out in a Ultisol soil order with an average concentration of calcium and magnesium of 1,6 cmol.l-1 and 0,7 cmol.l-1 respectively, an exchangeable acidity of 1,3 cmol.l-1 and a pH of 4,8. Which confirmed the acidity and low fertility present in the soil before applying the amendments. The experiment had 10 treatments and 4 repetitions per treatment, using increasing doses of calcium carbonate (170 mesh) as treatments: 1, 2 and 3 ton.ha1 (C1, C2 and C3 respectively), of floable calcium carbonate in wettable powder for liquid application (>1500 mesh): 200, 300 and 400 kg. ha1 (S200, S300 and S400 respectively), of floable calcium carbonate in wettable powder for liquid application (1200 mesh): 200, 400 and 400 kg. ha-1 (E200, E400 and E400X respectively) and an absolute control without amendment. Treatments C1, C2 and C3 were applied with a liming spreader before bedding (and preparation of drains), while the micronized amendments were applied to the soil with a boom spray after drainage and planting beds were completed. The fertility and acidity of the soil was evaluated at 40, 64, 124, 400 and 590 days after the application (daa) of the amendments. At 60, 90 and 120 daa of the amendments, measurements of plant height, number of leaves, length and width of the leaf "D" were carried out. A foliar analysis of leaf “D” was also carried out approximately 6 months after the application of the treatments. The amendments used did not show a significant effect on the growth variables analyzed. The application of amendments did not mark a statistically significant difference in the pH of the soil compared to the control in any of the evaluations. The effect of the treatments on the exchangeable acidity of the soil began to decrease from 124 daa (December), but the tendency was maintained that the higher the dose, less exchangeable acidity. The treatments C3, S400, S300, E400X and E400 decreased the percentage of acidity saturation compared to the control, some showed only a trend and others showed a statistically significant difference, at least in one of the evaluations. The Ca soil content increased with the application of amendments in all evaluations, with greater magnitude at 40, 64 and 124 daa. At 40 daa (September 2020) the application of E200, E400, S300, S400 and C3 significantly increased the Ca soil content with respect to the control. The application of C1, C2 and C3 decreased the exchangeable Mg content in the soil with respect to the control. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg content in the "D" leaf obtained in the different treatments are within the optimal levels for foliar concentrations in the pineapple crop. It is concluded that micronized amendments can reduce acidity and increase soil fertility, at a dose between 5 and 6 times less than conventional amendments and with a residual effect in the field of 590 days.
The effect of the application of a conventional amendment and two micronized was evaluated in the control of the acidity of an Ultisol and on the growth of the pineapple. The experiment was carried out between August 2020 and March 2022 at the Anexco farm, Rio Cuarto, Alajuela, Costa Rica. The study was carried out in a Ultisol soil order with an average concentration of calcium and magnesium of 1,6 cmol.l-1 and 0,7 cmol.l-1 respectively, an exchangeable acidity of 1,3 cmol.l-1 and a pH of 4,8. Which confirmed the acidity and low fertility present in the soil before applying the amendments. The experiment had 10 treatments and 4 repetitions per treatment, using increasing doses of calcium carbonate (170 mesh) as treatments: 1, 2 and 3 ton.ha1 (C1, C2 and C3 respectively), of floable calcium carbonate in wettable powder for liquid application (>1500 mesh): 200, 300 and 400 kg. ha1 (S200, S300 and S400 respectively), of floable calcium carbonate in wettable powder for liquid application (1200 mesh): 200, 400 and 400 kg. ha-1 (E200, E400 and E400X respectively) and an absolute control without amendment. Treatments C1, C2 and C3 were applied with a liming spreader before bedding (and preparation of drains), while the micronized amendments were applied to the soil with a boom spray after drainage and planting beds were completed. The fertility and acidity of the soil was evaluated at 40, 64, 124, 400 and 590 days after the application (daa) of the amendments. At 60, 90 and 120 daa of the amendments, measurements of plant height, number of leaves, length and width of the leaf "D" were carried out. A foliar analysis of leaf “D” was also carried out approximately 6 months after the application of the treatments. The amendments used did not show a significant effect on the growth variables analyzed. The application of amendments did not mark a statistically significant difference in the pH of the soil compared to the control in any of the evaluations. The effect of the treatments on the exchangeable acidity of the soil began to decrease from 124 daa (December), but the tendency was maintained that the higher the dose, less exchangeable acidity. The treatments C3, S400, S300, E400X and E400 decreased the percentage of acidity saturation compared to the control, some showed only a trend and others showed a statistically significant difference, at least in one of the evaluations. The Ca soil content increased with the application of amendments in all evaluations, with greater magnitude at 40, 64 and 124 daa. At 40 daa (September 2020) the application of E200, E400, S300, S400 and C3 significantly increased the Ca soil content with respect to the control. The application of C1, C2 and C3 decreased the exchangeable Mg content in the soil with respect to the control. The N, P, K, Ca and Mg content in the "D" leaf obtained in the different treatments are within the optimal levels for foliar concentrations in the pineapple crop. It is concluded that micronized amendments can reduce acidity and increase soil fertility, at a dose between 5 and 6 times less than conventional amendments and with a residual effect in the field of 590 days.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Enmiendas, PROPIEDAD QUÍMICA, CALCIO, Magnesio, Micronizadas