Ecuación para estimar la biomasa arbórea en los bosques tropicales de Costa Rica
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Chou Chen, Shu Wei
Gutiérrez Espeleta, Edgar E.
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Abstract
Una de las medidas más relevantes para la
mitigación del cambio climático es la conservación
y regeneración del bosque en nuestros países.
La cantidad de carbono que se almacena en la
biomasa arbórea pasa a ser una medida relevante
para la política pública. El presente trabajo analiza la
asociación que tienen algunas variables dasométricas,
fácilmente medibles, asociadas a la biomasa, con el
propósito de estimarla indirectamente, dado que
la medición directa de la biomasa arbórea es un
trabajo complejo y tiene un costo muy elevado.
El objetivo general del estudio fue hacer un análisis
del comportamiento de las variables dasométricas
fácilmente medibles para predecir biomasa arbórea
con datos de dos bosques tropicales de Costa Rica,
con el propósito de analizar su posible aplicación
generalizada en los bosques tropicales de todo
el país.
Mediante una revisión bibliográfica, se determinaron
cuatro posibles modelos que estiman biomasa en
bosques tropicales. Se evaluaron 907 árboles con
diámetro a la altura de pecho (dap) mayor a 10 cm
en dos bosques tropicales de Costa Rica (Parque
Nacional Corcovado en el suroeste y Fila Carbón
en el sureste, vertiente del Caribe), generando una
estimación de biomasa lo más precisa posible. Se
realizó un análisis de las variables de los árboles
(densidad específica de la madera, altura total y dap)
y su biomasa, con el fin de desarrollar el modelo que
facilitara la predicción de esta. El modelo final utiliza
como variables independientes el dap y la densidad.
Con el dap se da el hecho de que existe una alta
correlación con la altura total, la cual es muy difícil
de obtener en el campo, de modo que se decidió
no utilizarla. La variable densidad es importante, ya
que dos árboles con la misma estructura pero distinta densidad van a mostrar diferente cantidad de
biomasa. Para la estimación de este modelo se utilizó una regresión segmentada (por la relación que
tienen el dap y la altura total con la variable biomasa
transformada) y cuadrados medios ponderados
para resolver el problema de heterocedasticidad. El modelo final cumplió con los supuestos estadísticos
de una regresión lineal general, evaluados por el
comportamiento de los residuos y otras pruebas
paramétricas, y obtiene un coeficiente de determinación de 0,992.
Como conclusión, este estudio propone un enfoque
metodológico para estimar la biomasa a nivel general en los bosques, lo cual se considera de utilidad
para fundamentar la toma de decisiones sobre el
almacenamiento a largo plazo del carbono en los
bosques tropicales. Se espera que en estudios futuros se disponga de parcelas de otros bosques con
mediciones de la biomasa real, para seguir calibrando el modelo propuesto para la estimación de la
biomasa almacenada en los bosques tropicales.
One of the most relevant measures for climate change mitigation is the conservation and regeneration of forests in our countries. The amount of stored carbon in the forest biomass becomes a relevant variable for public policy. The present article analyses the association of some dasometric variables, easily obtained, with tree biomass with the purpose of indirectly estimating it, given that direct measurement of tree biomass is a complex and very expensive task. The general objective of this study was to analyze the pattern shown by dasometric variables, easily obtained, with tree biomass to estimate it by using data from two tropical forests in Costa Rica, with the purpose of analyzing its potential general application in tropical forests in the entire country. The bibliographic review helped to identify four possible models which estimate biomass in tropical forests. 907 trees were used with diameter at breast height (dbh) greater than 10 cm in two tropical forests in Costa Rica (Corcovado National Park at the SW of the country, and Fila Carbón at the SE part, Caribbean slope), generating a biomass estimate as precise as possible. Dasometric variables (wood density, total height and dbh) were used to analyze their relationship with biomass with the objective of finding a model that could predict it. The final model uses, as independent variables, dbh and density. Dbh has a high correlation with tree total height, which is very difficult to obtain in the field, therefore it was not used. The variable density is very important as it varies between trees having the same structure but of different species. To estimate the model, a segmented regression technique was used as well as weighted mean squares to solve for heteroscedasticity. The final model met all statistical assumptions for a linear model according to the residual and parametric analysis. The determination coefficient resulted in 0,992. As a conclusion, the study proposes a methodological approach to estimate forest biomass, which is very useful to support decision-making on carbon storage in tropical forests. Biomass determination in the field in future plots is going to help the calibration of this approach to estimate biomass stored in tropical forests.
One of the most relevant measures for climate change mitigation is the conservation and regeneration of forests in our countries. The amount of stored carbon in the forest biomass becomes a relevant variable for public policy. The present article analyses the association of some dasometric variables, easily obtained, with tree biomass with the purpose of indirectly estimating it, given that direct measurement of tree biomass is a complex and very expensive task. The general objective of this study was to analyze the pattern shown by dasometric variables, easily obtained, with tree biomass to estimate it by using data from two tropical forests in Costa Rica, with the purpose of analyzing its potential general application in tropical forests in the entire country. The bibliographic review helped to identify four possible models which estimate biomass in tropical forests. 907 trees were used with diameter at breast height (dbh) greater than 10 cm in two tropical forests in Costa Rica (Corcovado National Park at the SW of the country, and Fila Carbón at the SE part, Caribbean slope), generating a biomass estimate as precise as possible. Dasometric variables (wood density, total height and dbh) were used to analyze their relationship with biomass with the objective of finding a model that could predict it. The final model uses, as independent variables, dbh and density. Dbh has a high correlation with tree total height, which is very difficult to obtain in the field, therefore it was not used. The variable density is very important as it varies between trees having the same structure but of different species. To estimate the model, a segmented regression technique was used as well as weighted mean squares to solve for heteroscedasticity. The final model met all statistical assumptions for a linear model according to the residual and parametric analysis. The determination coefficient resulted in 0,992. As a conclusion, the study proposes a methodological approach to estimate forest biomass, which is very useful to support decision-making on carbon storage in tropical forests. Biomass determination in the field in future plots is going to help the calibration of this approach to estimate biomass stored in tropical forests.
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COSTA RICA, BOSQUE Y SELVA TROPICALES, INFERENCIA ESTADÍSTICA, BIOMASA, CARBONO
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https://revistas.tec.ac.cr/index.php/tec_marcha/article/view/1402
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